Explanatory variables | categories | OR (p) | ||
2005 | 2012 | 2016 | ||
Province | Kinshasa | RC | RC | RC |
Bas-Congo | 0.408*** | 0.480*** | 0.221*** | |
Bandundu | 0.199*** | 0.154*** | 0.016*** | |
Equateur | 0.338*** | 0.056*** | 0.088*** | |
Province Orientale | 0.185*** | 0.182*** | 0.070*** | |
Nord-Kivu | 0.137*** | 0.765* | 0.222*** | |
Sud-Kivu | 0.205*** | 0.066*** | 0.057*** | |
Maniema | 0.000NS | 0.048*** | 0.023*** | |
Katanga | 0.672*** | 0.665*** | 0.361*** | |
Kasaï-Oriental | 0.105*** | 0.042*** | 0.114*** | |
Kasaï-Occidental | 0.130*** | 0.052*** | 0.177*** | |
Socio-professional category | Family helper. Apprentice. Other | MR | MR | MR |
Employee. Skilled worker. Semi-skilled worker. Unskilled worker. Supervisor | 1.881*** | 1.986* | 1.298 ns | |
Labourer | 2.169*** | 1.340 ns | 1.532 ns | |
Boss | 1.902*** | 1.813 ns | 1.265 ns | |
Self-employed worker | 1.015 ns | 1.169 ns | 1.770 ns | |
Manager | 3.024*** | 3.362*** | 2.742** | |
Age | <25 | RC | RC | RC |
25 - 34 | 1.297*** | 0.775 ns | 1.021 ns | |
35 - 44 | 0.862 ns | 0.564** | 1.049 ns | |
45 - 54 | 1.196 ns | 0.460*** | 0.813 ns | |
55 - 64 | 1.691*** | 0.750 ns | 1.243 ns | |
65+ | 3.443*** | 2.382*** | 2.238*** | |
Occupancy status | Housed free of charge by a third party | RC | RC | RC |
Tenant | 0.535*** | 0.966 ns | 0.892 ns | |
Housed by employer | 1.310 ns | 3.136*** | 2.810** | |
Owner | 0.943 ns | 1.361 ns | 0.833 ns | |
Other | 0.759 ns | 0.720 ns | 0.849 ns | |
Education | No education | RC | RC | RC |
Primary | 1.025 ns | 1.321 ns | 0.406*** | |
Secondary | 1.966*** | 2.034*** | 0.580* | |
Superior | 5.606*** | 6.241*** | 2.112** | |
Branch of activity | Primary sector | RC | RC | RC |
Secondary sector | 1.219 ns | 2.279*** | 0.838 ns | |
Tertiary sector | 1.562*** | 2.190*** | 1.131 ns | |
Cumulative employment | Yes | RC | RC | RC |
No | 1.016NS | 1.451*** | 1.354 ns | |
Nationality | Congolese | RC | RC | RC |
Other nationality | 2.320*** | 2.215* | 0.454 ns | |
Gender | Male | RC | RC | RC |
Female | 1.213*** | 2.203*** | 1.516*** | |
Constant | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.177 |