Explanatory variables

categories

OR (p)

2005

2012

2016

Province

Kinshasa

RC

RC

RC

Bas-Congo

0.408***

0.480***

0.221***

Bandundu

0.199***

0.154***

0.016***

Equateur

0.338***

0.056***

0.088***

Province Orientale

0.185***

0.182***

0.070***

Nord-Kivu

0.137***

0.765*

0.222***

Sud-Kivu

0.205***

0.066***

0.057***

Maniema

0.000NS

0.048***

0.023***

Katanga

0.672***

0.665***

0.361***

Kasaï-Oriental

0.105***

0.042***

0.114***

Kasaï-Occidental

0.130***

0.052***

0.177***

Socio-professional category

Family helper. Apprentice. Other

MR

MR

MR

Employee. Skilled worker. Semi-skilled worker. Unskilled worker. Supervisor

1.881***

1.986*

1.298 ns

Labourer

2.169***

1.340 ns

1.532 ns

Boss

1.902***

1.813 ns

1.265 ns

Self-employed worker

1.015 ns

1.169 ns

1.770 ns

Manager

3.024***

3.362***

2.742**

Age

<25

RC

RC

RC

25 - 34

1.297***

0.775 ns

1.021 ns

35 - 44

0.862 ns

0.564**

1.049 ns

45 - 54

1.196 ns

0.460***

0.813 ns

55 - 64

1.691***

0.750 ns

1.243 ns

65+

3.443***

2.382***

2.238***

Occupancy status

Housed free of charge by a third party

RC

RC

RC

Tenant

0.535***

0.966 ns

0.892 ns

Housed by employer

1.310 ns

3.136***

2.810**

Owner

0.943 ns

1.361 ns

0.833 ns

Other

0.759 ns

0.720 ns

0.849 ns

Education

No education

RC

RC

RC

Primary

1.025 ns

1.321 ns

0.406***

Secondary

1.966***

2.034***

0.580*

Superior

5.606***

6.241***

2.112**

Branch of activity

Primary sector

RC

RC

RC

Secondary sector

1.219 ns

2.279***

0.838 ns

Tertiary sector

1.562***

2.190***

1.131 ns

Cumulative employment

Yes

RC

RC

RC

No

1.016NS

1.451***

1.354 ns

Nationality

Congolese

RC

RC

RC

Other nationality

2.320***

2.215*

0.454 ns

Gender

Male

RC

RC

RC

Female

1.213***

2.203***

1.516***

Constant

0.017

0.013

0.177