Socio-demographic characteristics of the head of household from 2005 to 2016

Decent housing from 2005 to 2016

2005

2012

2016

%

Chi-square

%

Chi-square

%

Chi-square

Gender

Male

4.1

1.5 ns

8

18.8***

11.7

6.1**

Female

4

12.6

13.9

Total

4.1

9

12.3

Age

<25

3.1

71.6***

8.7

35.6***

6.4

34.2***

25 - 34

3.8

8.7

11.8

35 - 44

2.7

7.8

11.3

45 - 54

4.5

6.9

11.4

55 - 64

5.7

10.8

14.2

65+

8.5

16.5

17.7

Total

4.1

9

12.3

Nationality

Congolese

4

20.5***

8.8

10.1***

12.3

0.3 ns

Other nationality

11.6

45.4

10.4

Total

4.1

9

12.3

education

No education

4

411.2***

6.3

514.5***

10.3

325.2***

Primary

1.8

5.1

7

Secondary

3.2

6.2

11

Superior

16.3

20.6

27

Total

4.1

9

12.3

Province

Kinshasa

9.4

423.1***

18.7

640.1***

23.7

728.3***

Bas-Congo

3.2

8.9

5.6

Bandundu

1.2

3.8

0.5

Equateur

2.9

0.9

4.5

Province Orientale

0.9

5.9

1.5

Nord-Kivu

1.6

7.9

9.4

Sud-Kivu

1.8

0.5

2

Maniema

0

2.5

0.7

Katanga

7.9

10

13.5

Kasaï-Oriental

1.1

0.3

3.8

Kasaï-Occidental

1.2

0.4

1.4

Ensemble

4.1

9

12.3

Occupancy status

Owner

4.3

40.2***

9.5

38.8***

11.5

71.5***

Tenant

3.2

8.8

13.5

Housed by employer

9.4

23.1

24.1

Housed free of charge by a third party

6.6

7.6

10.6

other

3.7

5.3

4.3

Total

4.1

9

12.3