Socio-demographic characteristics of the head of household from 2005 to 2016 | Decent housing from 2005 to 2016 | ||||||
2005 | 2012 | 2016 | |||||
% | Chi-square | % | Chi-square | % | Chi-square | ||
Gender | Male | 4.1 | 1.5 ns | 8 | 18.8*** | 11.7 | 6.1** |
Female | 4 | 12.6 | 13.9 | ||||
Total | 4.1 | 9 | 12.3 | ||||
Age | <25 | 3.1 | 71.6*** | 8.7 | 35.6*** | 6.4 | 34.2*** |
25 - 34 | 3.8 | 8.7 | 11.8 | ||||
35 - 44 | 2.7 | 7.8 | 11.3 | ||||
45 - 54 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 11.4 | ||||
55 - 64 | 5.7 | 10.8 | 14.2 | ||||
65+ | 8.5 | 16.5 | 17.7 | ||||
Total | 4.1 | 9 | 12.3 | ||||
Nationality | Congolese | 4 | 20.5*** | 8.8 | 10.1*** | 12.3 | 0.3 ns |
Other nationality | 11.6 | 45.4 | 10.4 | ||||
Total | 4.1 | 9 | 12.3 | ||||
education | No education | 4 | 411.2*** | 6.3 | 514.5*** | 10.3 | 325.2*** |
Primary | 1.8 | 5.1 | 7 | ||||
Secondary | 3.2 | 6.2 | 11 | ||||
Superior | 16.3 | 20.6 | 27 | ||||
Total | 4.1 | 9 | 12.3 | ||||
Province | Kinshasa | 9.4 | 423.1*** | 18.7 | 640.1*** | 23.7 | 728.3*** |
Bas-Congo | 3.2 | 8.9 | 5.6 | ||||
Bandundu | 1.2 | 3.8 | 0.5 | ||||
Equateur | 2.9 | 0.9 | 4.5 | ||||
Province Orientale | 0.9 | 5.9 | 1.5 | ||||
Nord-Kivu | 1.6 | 7.9 | 9.4 | ||||
Sud-Kivu | 1.8 | 0.5 | 2 | ||||
Maniema | 0 | 2.5 | 0.7 | ||||
Katanga | 7.9 | 10 | 13.5 | ||||
Kasaï-Oriental | 1.1 | 0.3 | 3.8 | ||||
Kasaï-Occidental | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.4 | ||||
Ensemble | 4.1 | 9 | 12.3 | ||||
Occupancy status | Owner | 4.3 | 40.2*** | 9.5 | 38.8*** | 11.5 | 71.5*** |
Tenant | 3.2 | 8.8 | 13.5 | ||||
Housed by employer | 9.4 | 23.1 | 24.1 | ||||
Housed free of charge by a third party | 6.6 | 7.6 | 10.6 | ||||
other | 3.7 | 5.3 | 4.3 | ||||
Total | 4.1 | 9 | 12.3 |