Variables | Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect |
lnGDP | 0.768*** | 0.651*** | 0.117** |
| (7.53) | (8.97) | (2.08) |
lnConsumption | 0.119 | 0.102 | 0.017 |
| (1.01) | (1.01) | (0.83) |
Urban | −0.011** | −0.010** | −0.002 |
| (−2.30) | (−2.36) | (−1.51) |
lnCost | −0.062 | −0.002 | −0.061 |
| (−0.52) | (−0.36) | (−0.53) |
lnFinancial | 0.315*** | 0.266*** | 0.049* |
| (3.41) | (3.62) | (1.76) |
IP | 0.248*** | 0.211*** | 0.037** |
| (5.98) | (5.78) | (2.19) |
Highway | 0.090*** | 0.076*** | 0.014* |
| (3.07) | (3.15) | (1.71) |
RP | −0.937*** | −0.795*** | −0.142** |
| (−6.36) | (−6.97) | (−2.09) |
lnProduction | 0.049* | 0.002 | 0.047* |
| (1.73) | (1.37) | (1.73) |
lnOwnership | −0.296*** | −0.012 | −0.284*** |
| (−2.89) | (−1.64) | (−2.97) |
lnFreight | 0.242** | 0.009* | 0.233** |
| (2.44) | (1.75) | (2.45) |
lnPassenger | −0.062 | −0.002 | −0.060 |
| (−1.32) | (−1.07) | (−1.33) |