Variables

Static panel

Diff GMM

Syst GMM

OLS

FE

RE

GLS

One step

Two steps

One step

Two steps

CO₂(₋₁)

−0.0393

(0.0691)

0.00966

(0.231)

0.434*

(0.254)

0.569***

(0.195)

Scale

0.0542**

(0.0226)

0.744***

(0.118)

0.354***

(0.0639)

0.0542**

(0.0224)

1.179***

(0.253)

1.023***

(0.301)

0.0430

(0.0294)

0.00499

(0.0447)

Composition

0.562***

(0.0387)

−0.0252

(0.0370)

0.0843**

(0.0355)

0.562***

(0.0384)

0.193**

(0.0888)

0.135***

(0.0455)

0.255**

(0.125)

0.239**

(0.104)

Technic

0.305***

(0.0612)

0.308***

(0.0629)

0.197***

(0.0593)

0.305***

(0.0606)

0.742***

(0.149)

0.637***

(0.141)

0.385

(0.241)

0.357

(0.226)

Fd

0.609***

(0.0415)

0.254***

(0.0340)

0.288***

(0.0351)

0.609***

(0.0411)

0.175*

(0.104)

0.0772*

(0.0401)

0.328***

(0.112)

0.312**

(0.139)

Pop

0.864***

(0.0307)

0.276

(0.167)

0.667***

(0.0727)

0.864***

(0.0304)

−0.358

(0.466)

0.0927

(0.283)

0.277***

(0.0818)

0.206**

(0.0759)

Exp

0.761***

(0.0755)

0.126***

(0.0481)

0.168***

(0.0510)

0.761***

(0.0748)

0.173

(0.160)

0.0741

(0.0862)

0.491**

(0.194)

0.355

(0.232)

Imp

−0.809***

(0.116)

0.116**

(0.0572)

0.00721

(0.0598)

−0.809***

(0.115)

−0.631*

(0.358)

−0.264*

(0.131)

−0.420**

(0.213)

−0.428**

(0.205)

Const

−11.83***

(0.828)

−6.714***

(1.713)

−8.893***

(1.042)

−11.83***

(0.820)

−3.670*

(1.919)

−2.533*

(1.281)

Obser

423

423

423

423

377

377

402

402

Pays

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

Instr

21

14

14

15

Diagnostic check

R²

0.868

0.750

0.741

Hausman Prob

9.49

0.2195

Wooldridge test (Pvalue)

28.624

(0.000)

Breusch-Pagan LM test (Pvalue)

1261.59 (0.000)

AR1

0.348

0.752

0.0251

0.0195

AR2

0.171

0.212

0.214

0.435

Sargan

0.332

0.140

0.501

0.252

Hansen

0.308

0.442