| VCA | Type | Description |
| Knowledge-Creation Advantage | Structural (Stage 1) | Ability to abstract, innovate, conceiveand realize VBVCs |
| Resource Advantage | Structural (Stage 2) | Possess natural resources, renewable and non-renewable |
| Labor Advantage | Arbitrage (Stage 2) | Abundant, cheap labor (skilled and unskilled) |
| Capital Advantage | Arbitrage (Stage 2) | Abundant, cheap capital (long-term and short-term) |