| Features | Subgroup | Number | Prevalence [n, (%)] | Average degree ( ± s) |
| Child’s age (years) | 3 | 49 | 14 (28.6) | 43.59 ± 9.08 |
| 4 | 338 | 138 (40.8) | 44.01 ± 9.47 | |
| 5 | 386 | 156 (40.4) | 43.24 ± 9.60 | |
| 6 | 353 | 168 (47.6) | 43.88 ± 8.98 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 8.698* | 0.480 |
| The only child | Yes | 696 | 328 (47.1) | 44.63 ± 9.86 |
| No | 430 | 148 (34.4) | 42.17 ± 8.21 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 17.589** | 4.334** |
| Child’s ranking | Eldest child | 848 | 383 (45.2) | 44.20 ± 9.59 |
| No eldest child | 278 | 93 (33.5) | 42.13 ± 8.36 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 11.768** | 3.221* |
| Child’s personality | Introverted | 80 | 63 (78.8) | 51.83 ± 9.28 |
| Moderate | 465 | 203 (43.7) | 44.16 ± 9.15 | |
| Extrovert | 581 | 210 (36.1) | 42.19 ± 8.88 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 52.926** | 41.237** |
| Mother’s age | 20- | 212 | 119 (56.1) | 47.22 ± 9.99 |
| 30- | 782 | 316 (40.4) | 43.11 ± 9.09 | |
| 40 - 49 | 132 | 41 (31.1) | 41.47 ± 8.25 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 24.600** | 21.121** |
| Mother’s occupation | Unskilled worker | 120 | 69 (57.5) | 47.31 ± 9.74 |
| Teacher, medical staff, civil servant | 272 | 135 (49.6) | 45.75 ± 10.67 | |
| Company employee | 289 | 110 (23.1) | 42.35 ± 8.06 | |
| Business owner | 186 | 74 (15.5) | 43.19 ± 9.37 | |
| Unemployed or other | 259 | 88 (34.0) | 41.70 ± 8.04 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 27.315** | 12.894** |
| Mother’s health | Good | 1090 | 451 (41.4) | 43.49 ± 9.27 |
| Average or poor | 36 | 25 (69.4) | 49.74 ± 9.69 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 11.251** | −3.978** |
| Mother’s personality | Introverted | 40 | 32 (80.0) | 50.41 ± 9.31 |
| Moderate | 534 | 219 (41.0) | 43.74 ± 8.89 | |
| Extrovert | 552 | 225 (40.8) | 43.15 ± 9.59 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 24.196** | 11.465** |
| Family types | Nuclear family | 748 | 322 (43.0) | 43.76 ± 9.59 |
| Extended family | 333 | 129 (38.7) | 43.03 ± 8.61 | |
| Single parent or other | 45 | 25 (55.6) | 47.31 ± 9.73 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 5.142 | 4.256* |
| Family members supported in the most recent year | ≤3 | 565 | 264 (46.7) | 44.43 ± 9.83 |
| 4- | 362 | 140 (38.7) | 42.69 ± 8.70 | |
| ≥5 | 199 | 72 (36.2) | 43.41 ± 8.88 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 9.538** | 3.957* |
| Average monthly income | ≤5000 | 279 | 144 (30.3) | 46.18 ± 9.97 |
| 5001- | 557 | 234 (49.2) | 43.69 ± 9.23 | |
| 10,000- | 290 | 98 (20.6) | 41.29 ± 8.26 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 18.535** | 20.164** |
| Family member relationship | Harmonious | 1030 | 411 (39.9) | 43.21 ± 9.25 |
| Average or reserved | 96 | 65 (67.7) | 48.77 ± 8.76 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 27.822** | 0.666 |
| Primary caregiver | Both parents | 851 | 340 (40.0) | 43.15 ± 9.28 |
| Not both parents | 275 | 136 (49.5) | 45.35 ± 9.36 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 7.689** | −3.406** |
| Educational approach | Persuasive | 571 | 245 (42.9) | 43.73 ± 9.84 |
| Disciplinarian | 13 | 10 (76.9) | 51.88 ± 8.56 | |
| Combination of the two methods | 542 | 221 (40.8) | 43.44 ± 8.72 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 6.989* | 5.233** |
| Educational attitude towards children | Consistent | 462 | 182 (39.4) | 43.08 ± 10.07 |
| Essentially consistent | 630 | 271 (43.0) | 43.85 ± 8.64 | |
| Inconsistent | 34 | 23 (67.6) | 48.89 ± 10.09 | |
| χ2/F |
|
| 10.682** | 6.420** |
| Foster care for more than 1 year | Yes | 48 | 30 (62.5) | 49.66 ± 9.63 |
| No | 1078 | 446 (41.4) | 43.42 ± 9.24 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 8.405** | 4.569** |
| Mobile phone addiction | Yes | 512 | 294 (57.4) | 41.23 ± 8.35 |
| No | 614 | 182 (29.6) | 46.63 ± 9.61 | |
| χ2/t |
|
| 88.293** | −10.090** |