| Scale | M (SD) |
1) Self-efficacy | 1 - 5 | 3.85 (.50)a |
2) Intrinsic value | 1 - 5 | 3.0 (.72)a |
3) Utilityvalue | 1 - 5 | 3.94 (.47)a |
4) Perceived Effort | 1 - 5 | 3.15 (.68)a |
5) PerceivedSelf-Regulation | 1 - 5 | 3.0 (.52)a |
6) Language Arts Time spent Time-on-task |
- - |
40.4 (12.8)b 32.1 (11.7)b |
7) Social Studies Time spent Time-on-task |
- - |
29.6 (15.5)b 22.3 (10.4)b |
8) Writing proficiency grade 7 | - | 234.7 (96.1) |
9) Writing proficiency grade 8 | - | 270.0 (95.6) |
10) Writing proficiency grade 9 | - | 294.3 (68.9) |