| Findings | Note |
| Safety and security |
|
| Driver behavior (DB) is a major cause in the majority of road accidents [39] | India, 2021 |
| Driver, DB, & traffic type (homogeneous/heterogeneous) affect the safety of intersections [40] | India, 2020 |
| Drivers accelerating excessively (>1 m/s2) may cause severe injuries that require hospitalization or the development of fear of falling, particularly by older people [41] | UK, 2020 |
| Altruism, excitement seeking, and normlessness directly predict bus drivers’ attitudes toward traffic safety [42] | Italy, 2015 |
| While aberrant DBs have a direct effect on accident involvement, psychological symptoms have an indirect effect mediated by driver behaviors [43] | Türkiye, 2003 |
| For older adults, neuroticism & agreeableness are associated with a decreased likelihood of driving; while extroversion, openness, & conscientiousness do the opposite [44] | USA, 2015 |
| Driving while drowsy results in a 4 - 6 times higher near-crash/crash risk. Drivers engaging in visually and/or manually complex tasks have a 3-times higher near-crash/crash risk [45] | USA, 2006 |
| Texting, dialing, reaching were found to significantly increase this likelihood of involvement in a safety-critical event [46] | USA, 2012 |
| Drunk driving is associated with more severe bus/minibus accident outcomes [47] | Ghana, 2018 |
| Poor cabin ergonomics, rotating shift patterns cause bus drivers ill health, result in accidents [48] | UK, 2006 |
| Accident severity is positively related to high-speed limits, the bus, and other drivers [49] | Denmark, 2014 |
| The driver and security service are very important for the elderly [50] | China, 2019 |
| The type of bus (express bus; school bus, single- or double-deck express bus, low or high floor) could have an influence on passengers’ perception of their safety on buses [51] | Malaysia, 2018 |
| The perception of traffic safety is better in a driverless shuttle bus than in a conventional bus with a driver. However, they lack in-vehicle security personnel [52] | Finland, 2018 |
| Factors associated with a greater likelihood of fatal or severe injuries in collision incidents: elderly female passengers, standing passengers who lost balance, buses out of driver control, double-decker buses, collisions with vehicles or objects, and less urbanized areas [53] | China, 2020 |
| Poorly positioned handrails, lack of compartmentalization (restraint), and objects with sharp edges and corners cause serious injuries [54] | UK, 2019 |
| Wheelchair-seated passengers were more positive & safer towards the rearward position [55] | Sweden, 2007 |
| The existence of significant omissions in the design of the interior of a bus may be the cause of multiple injuries [56] | Serbia, 2012 |
| Most injuries of bus passengers were commonly due to impact with the seat in front or metal fitments (usually hand rails) [57] | UK, 1994 |
| Bus right hook crashes could be attributed to the concurrence of lack of attention of drivers and speed difference between the bus and a passing vehicle [34] | Taiwan (China), 2020 |
| Bus crashes with all vehicles (except motor vehicles) and weekend crashes have a high rate of fatality. Factors that increase the risk of fatality in bus-involved crashes on weekends are: darkness of roads and the occurrence of multi-vehicle crashes in high-speed zones [58] | Australia, 2021 |