| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
| Energy Security | Energy Security | Energy Security | Energy Security | Energy Security | |
| Cost of Energy | −1.21*** (2.45) | −1.33*** (2.50) | −3.57 (2.77) | −1.20*** (2.39) | −1.18*** (2.45) |
| Energy Consumption | −2.71*** (8.10) | −2.13*** (7.90) | −2.24*** (6.83) | −2.49*** (8.42) | −2.78*** (7.75) |
| Dom. Innovation | 0.0002*** (4.32) | 0.0002*** (4.07) | 0.0001*** (4.20) | 0.0003*** (4.54) | 0.0003*** (4.47) |
| Env. Constraint | −7.93*** (1.69) | −8.12*** (1.67) | −4.18** (1.68) | −8.17*** (1.72) | −7.48*** (1.73) |
| Indust. Rate | −8.57*** (2.52) | −8.03*** (2.46) | −8.40*** (2.30) | −1.26*** (3.91) | −7.53*** (2.76) |
| Energy Policy | 0.93*** (0.14) | 0.92*** (0.13) | 0.89*** (0.12) | 0.94*** (0.16) | 0.90*** (0.13) |
| Hydro Production | 4.79 (1.06) | ||||
| Coal Production | 3.11 (1.89) | ||||
| Renewable Prod. | 0.01*** (0.01) | ||||
| Gas Production | 0.0001** (4.74) | ||||
| Nuclear Prod. | 7.65 (7.70) | ||||
| Year Effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 112 | 113 | 112 | 88 | 113 |
| R-Squared | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.72 |