Public Policy | Social Impact | Spatial Impact |
Infrastructure development (e.g., New York City subway system in the early 20th century) | Promoted population density | Transformed Manhattan into a globally renowned commercial and financial center |
Education and welfare policies (e.g., Sweden) | Enhanced social mobility | Equitably distributed opportunities in urban areas |
Redlining policies (1930s to 1960s in the United States) | Exacerbated racial and class divisions | Resulted in poverty and decline in certain areas, affecting the spatial distribution within cities |