58

Prest, L. A., & Keller, J. F. (1993). Spirituality and family therapy: spirital beliefs, myths, and metaphors. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 19(2), 137-148.

½

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

Spiritual belief system/ethical edification is a possible alternative for curtailing undesirable behavior such as corruption.

59

McFarland, M. J., Uecker, J. E., & Regnerus, M. D. (2011). The role of religion in shaping sexual frequency and satisfaction: evidence from married and unmarried older adults. Journal of Sex Research. 2011.

½

1

1/2

1/2

2 1/2

Religiosity has positive influence on achieving desirable outcomes.

60

Norman, I. D. (2013). separation of church and state: a study of accra city’s use of public buildings and schools for religious services in Ghana. Advances in Applied Sociology, 3(07), 282.

1

1

1/2

1/2

3

Ghanaians appear to have conflicted personalities: “one for Caesar and the other for God”.

61

Carter, S. L. (1993). The culture of disbelief: how american law and politics trivialize religious devotion. New York: Basic Books, 328.

Despite elevated religiosity, religion can moderate negative conduct such as corruption.

62

Berman, H. J. (1983). Law and revolution. The formation of the western legal tradition. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

Religion has a positive impact on the legal system: a revolution.

63

U.S District Court, S. D., New York, v. Lebanese Canadian Bank SAL, Ellissa Holding Company, Hassan Ayash Exchange Company, Cybamar Swiss GMBH, LLC Ste, 2011.

International corruption and money laundering is possible due to corrupt officials who are supposed to control such activities

64

Luna DM (2008). Narco-Trafficking: What is the Nexus with the War on Terror? Anticrime Programs, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. U. S. Dept of State: http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/terrorism/state/110828.pdf 22/1/12

Drug trafficking, money laundering and financing of terrorism potentially have their solutions in the introduction of ethical standards in the public workers and increase general accountability.

66

Gostin, L. O. (2005). Jacobson v Massachusetts at 100 years: police power and civil liberties in tension. American Journal of Public Health, 95(4), 576-581.

Ethical principles by government to safeguard public health are not operationalized in SSA as in developed nations.

67

Emanuel, E. J., & Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the physician-patient relationship. Jama, 267(16), 2221-2226.

The informative model for bioethical principles such as paternalism and autonomy is dominant in industrialized nations than in SSA.

68

Norman, I. D., Aikins, M., & Binka, F. N. (2010). Sexual harassment and health among the immigration, police and fire services of Ghana. Pilot study. Unpublished, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.

Ghana has not developed ethical codes specific to the cultural and traditional settings with members of society and engagement with outside partners.

69

Bradt, D. A. (2009). Evidence-Based Decision-Making in Humanitarian Assistance. Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute. No.:67, December 2009: 1-24.

Public health ethics are not operationalized in SSA as in other developed parts of the world.