58 | Prest, L. A., & Keller, J. F. (1993). Spirituality and family therapy: spirital beliefs, myths, and metaphors. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 19(2), 137-148. | ½ | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 1/2 | Spiritual belief system/ethical edification is a possible alternative for curtailing undesirable behavior such as corruption. |
59 | McFarland, M. J., Uecker, J. E., & Regnerus, M. D. (2011). The role of religion in shaping sexual frequency and satisfaction: evidence from married and unmarried older adults. Journal of Sex Research. 2011. | ½ | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 1/2 | Religiosity has positive influence on achieving desirable outcomes. |
60 | Norman, I. D. (2013). separation of church and state: a study of accra city’s use of public buildings and schools for religious services in Ghana. Advances in Applied Sociology, 3(07), 282. | 1 | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 3 | Ghanaians appear to have conflicted personalities: “one for Caesar and the other for God”. |
61 | Carter, S. L. (1993). The culture of disbelief: how american law and politics trivialize religious devotion. New York: Basic Books, 328. |
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| Despite elevated religiosity, religion can moderate negative conduct such as corruption. |
62 | Berman, H. J. (1983). Law and revolution. The formation of the western legal tradition. Harvard: Harvard University Press. |
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| Religion has a positive impact on the legal system: a revolution. |
63 | U.S District Court, S. D., New York, v. Lebanese Canadian Bank SAL, Ellissa Holding Company, Hassan Ayash Exchange Company, Cybamar Swiss GMBH, LLC Ste, 2011. |
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| International corruption and money laundering is possible due to corrupt officials who are supposed to control such activities |
64 | Luna DM (2008). Narco-Trafficking: What is the Nexus with the War on Terror? Anticrime Programs, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. U. S. Dept of State: http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/terrorism/state/110828.pdf 22/1/12 |
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| Drug trafficking, money laundering and financing of terrorism potentially have their solutions in the introduction of ethical standards in the public workers and increase general accountability. |
66 | Gostin, L. O. (2005). Jacobson v Massachusetts at 100 years: police power and civil liberties in tension. American Journal of Public Health, 95(4), 576-581. |
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| Ethical principles by government to safeguard public health are not operationalized in SSA as in developed nations. |
67 | Emanuel, E. J., & Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the physician-patient relationship. Jama, 267(16), 2221-2226. |
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| The informative model for bioethical principles such as paternalism and autonomy is dominant in industrialized nations than in SSA. |
68 | Norman, I. D., Aikins, M., & Binka, F. N. (2010). Sexual harassment and health among the immigration, police and fire services of Ghana. Pilot study. Unpublished, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. |
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| Ghana has not developed ethical codes specific to the cultural and traditional settings with members of society and engagement with outside partners. |
69 | Bradt, D. A. (2009). Evidence-Based Decision-Making in Humanitarian Assistance. Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute. No.:67, December 2009: 1-24. |
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| Public health ethics are not operationalized in SSA as in other developed parts of the world. |