34

Buchanan, D. R. Autonomy, Paternalism, and Justice: ethical priorities in public health. Am J Public Health. 2008 January; 98(1): 15-21. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110361PMCID: PMC2156058

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Ethical principles such as autonomy, paternalism and justice are not operationalized in SSA exactly as in western societies. Most incidences of corruption originate from unethical behavior.

35

Castellano Marlene B. Ethics of Aboriginal Research. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 2004; 1(1): 98-114.

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SSA nations have not developed ethical codes specific to their cultural and traditional settings with members of society and engagement with outside partners.

36

Wilson, D. and Dragusanu, R. (2008). the expanding middle class: the exploding world middle class and falling global inequality. Goldman Sachs Economic Research Global Economics Papers Issue 170. Goldman Sachs: New York.

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A growing middle class results in a decrease in inequality in SSA.

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Mahajan, V. (2009), Africa rising: how 900 million African consumers offer more than you think. Pearson Education, Inc.

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Growth in size of the middle class in SSA has economic benefits.

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Ramachandran, V. A. Gelb, and M. K.

Shah (2009). Africa’s private sector: what’s wrong with the business environment and what to do about it.

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Private sector development and growth causes an upward mobility of the middle class in SSA.

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Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula (2008). Dollar a day revisited. Policy Research Working Paper 4620, World Bank, Washington, DC.

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Growth in size of the middle class in SSA indicates a reduction in poverty and inequality.

40

Villasenor, J., & Arnold, B. C. (1989). Elliptical lorenz curves. Journal of Econometrics, 40(2), 327-338. 1989.

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Categories of middle class status indicate progressive economic growth and reduction in the income inequality gap in SSA.

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Kakwani, N. (1980). On a class of poverty measures. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 437-446. Kakwani 1980.

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Ditto

42

Ravallion, M., &Huppi, M. (1991). Measuring changes in poverty: a methodological case study of Indonesia during an adjustment period. The World Bank Economic Review, 5(1), 57-82.Ravallion and Huppi 1990.

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Categories of middle class status indicate progressive economic growth and reduction in the income inequality gap in SSA.

43

Datt, G., & Ravallion, M. (1998). Why have some Indian states done better than others at reducing rural poverty? Economica, 65(257), 17-38. Datt 1998.

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Economic growth and human development necessary for poverty reduction (growth of middle class) in SSA.

44

Lynch, M. (2009). Capgemini (2006): World Wealth Report 2006. New York. World Wealth Report 2009, Merrill Lynch.

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Growth of middle class in SSA nations occurs at different rates.