Trematodes | Mode of Oncogenesis | Cancer | Treatment for Trematode Infection |
Clonorchis sinensis | Oncogenes Unknown/ Inflammation | Cholangiocarcinoma | Triclabendazole, praziquantel, bithionol, albendazole, levamisole, and mebendazole |
Opisthorchis viverrini | Mechanical Injury of Epithelial Cells, Inflammation, and Toxic Excretory/ Secretory Molecules | Cholangiocarcinoma | Praziquantel and Tribendimidine |
Schistosoma haematobium | Oncogenes Unknown/Inflammation | Bladder carcinoma | Praziquantel and Biltricide |