Cookware Type

Temp. (˚C)

Mean Concentration ± SD (mg/l) (n = 45)

Pb × 10⁻²

Al × 10⁻²

Cd × 10⁻²

Fe × 10⁻²

Cr × 10⁻²

Ni × 10⁻²

Mn × 10⁻²

Locally Fabricated cookware (Endongoburaya)

200

6.10 ± 0.20

339.00 ± 0.80

3.90 ± 0.30

3.20 ± 0.11

1.30 ± 0.30

0.60 ± 0.10

3.00 ± 0.17

150

5.00 ± 1.40

102.10 ± 1.30

3.10 ± 0.60

2.50 ± 0.24

0.80 ± 0.50

0.40 ± 0.30

1.00 ± 0.40

100

2.00 ± 0.50

24.60 ± 0.36

1.00 ± 0.80

1.40 ± 0.60

0.60 ± 0.20

Nd

0.70 ± 0.22

50

0.50 ± 0.10

13.70 ± 0.01

0.50 ± 0.10

Nd

nd

Nd

Nd

30

nd

8.90 ± 0.04

nd

Nd

nd

Nd

nd

Aluminium cookware

200

4.00 ± 0.30

72.90 ± 0.08

0.40 ± 0.10

0.60 ± 0.20

13.20 ± 0.34

1.20 ± 0.70

2.30 ± 0.43

150

3.00 ± 0.10

52.20 ± 0.88

0.40 ± 0.06

0.50 ± 0.22

3.10 ± 0.05

Nd

1.70 ± 0.90

100

1.00 ± 0.40

4.40 ± 0.07

nd

Nd

nd

Nd

1.30 ± 0.10

50

nd

1.20 ± 0.03

nd

Nd

nd

Nd

Nd

30

nd

nd

nd

Nd

nd

Nd

Nd

Stainless-steel cookware

200

0.70 ± 0.04

4.20 ± 0.70

0.40 ± 0.30

9.00 ± 1.10

1.80 ± 0.54

0.50 ± 0.01

0.70 ± 0.30

150

nd

1.90 ± 0.30

nd

0.50 ± 0.30

0.80 ± 0.20

Nd

0.70 ± 0.10

100

nd

0.10 ± 0.06

nd

nd

0.60 ± 0.50

Nd

Nd

50

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

Nd

Nd

30

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

Nd

Nd

WHO

1.00

10.00

0.30

10.00

5.00

2.00

40.00