Cookware Type | Heating Duration (Hours) | Mean Concentration ± SD (mg/l) (n = 45) | ||||||
Pb × 10−2 | Al × 10−2 | Cd × 10−2 | Fe × 10−2 | Cr × 10−2 | Ni × 10−2 | Mn × 10−2 | ||
Locally Fabricated cookware | 4 | 7.00 ± 0.30 | 83.20 ± 0.42 | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 2.40 ± 0.10 | 16.70 ± 0.230 | 1.10 ± 0.30 | 2.20 ± 0.70 |
3 | 5.00 ± 0.35 | 77.20 ± 0.89 | 0.40 ± 0.30 | 2.20 ± 0.40 | 16.10 ± 0.190 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | |
2 | 2.00 ± 0.13 | 44.00 ± 2.39 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 1.30 ± 0.70 | 3.00 ± 0.016 | Nd | nd | |
1 | nd | 32.10 ± 0.70 | nd | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 1.10 ± 0.040 | Nd | nd | |
½ | nd | 23.00 ± 0.06 | nd | Nd | 1.00 ± 0.047 | Nd | nd | |
Aluminium cookware | 4 | 3.02 ± 0.24 | 9.20 ± 0.24 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | 3.20 ± 0.50 | 27.00 ± 0.17 | 0.80 ± 0.14 | 1.20 ± 0.70 |
3 | 0.92 ± 0.40 | 5.40 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 2.80 ± 0.32 | 18.30 ± 1.29 | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.70 ± 0.30 | |
2 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 1.10 ± 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 1.70 ± 1.20 | 1.70 ± 0.01 | Nd | 0.40 ± 0.20 | |
1 | nd | 1.80 ± 0.09 | nd | 0.10 ± 0.09 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | Nd | Nd | |
½ | nd | 0.20 ± 0.01 | nd | Nd | 0.30 ± 0.01 | Nd | nd | |
Stainless steel cookware | 4 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 6.30 ± 0.15 | 1.80 ± 0.18 | 5.10 ± 1.20 | 3.00 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 6.90 ± 3.90 |
3 | 1.30 ± 0.28 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.31 | 0.80 ± 0.50 | 2.10 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.43 | |
2 | 1.00 ± 0.19 | nd | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.20 | 2.00 ± 0.03 | Nd | Nd | |
1 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
½ | nd | nd | nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
WHO | 1.00 | 10.00 | 0.30 | 10.00 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 40.00 |