| Cookware Type | Cleaning Material | Mean Concentration ± SD (mg/l) (n = 45) | ||||||
| Pb × 10−2 | Al × 10−2 | Cd × 10−2 | Fe × 10−2 | Cr × 10−2 | Ni × 10−2 | Mn × 10−2 | ||
| Locally Fabricated cookware (Endongoburaya) | Steel wire | 9.00 ± 0.80 | 11.40 ± 0.02 | 5.80 ± 0.30 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 6.60 ± 0.03 | 3.00 ± 0.01 | 5.50 ± 0.11 |
| Sand | 4.00 ± 0.30 | 6.10 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.40 | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 1.00 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | |
| Ash | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 2.60 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.50 ± 0.30 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 1.30 ± 0.02 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | |
| Scouring pad | 7.00 ± 0.60 | 5.90 ± 0.23 | 0.40 ± 0.20 | 0.20 ± 0.20 | 0.50 ± 0.02 | 1.70 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.01 | |
| Sponge | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 2.30 ± 0.13 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | Nd | 0.20 ± 0.01 | Nd | nd | |
| Aluminium cookware | Steel wire | 7.0 ± 0.60 | 58.30 ± 0.62 | 1.20 ± 0.20 | 6.00 ± 0.30 | 2.00 ± 0.60 | 2.10 ± 0.19 | 3.70 ± 0.60 |
| Sand | 3.0 ± 2.00 | 54.00 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 1.60 ± 0.41 | 1.10 ± 0.20 | 1.00 ± 0.15 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | |
| Ash | 5.0 ± 1.00 | 28.90 ± 0.41 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 1.30 ± 0.21 | nd | |
| Scouring pad | 1.0 ± 0.50 | 3.40 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | Nd | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | Nd | |
| Sponge | 0.6 ± 0.10 | 2.10 ± 0.04 | nd | nd | nd | Nd | Nd | |
| Stainless-steel cookware | Steel wire | 2.80 ± 0.50 | 7.40 ± 0.40 | 0.50 ± 0.10 | 11.00 ± 0.20 | 1.50 ± 0.30 | 4.80 ± 0.80 | 3.00 ± 0.06 |
| Sand | 2.00 ± 0.70 | 3.30 ± 0.41 | 0.40 ± 0.20 | 3.00 ± 0.09 | 1.20 ± 0.13 | 0.60 ± 0.30 | 0.70 ± 0.03 | |
| Ash | 0.60 ± 0.40 | 3.90 ± 1.20 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 1.80 ± 0.10 | 1.00 ± 0.80 | Nd | Nd | |
| Scouring Pad | nd | 2.60 ± 0.40 | nd | Nd | nd | Nd | Nd | |
| Sponge | nd | 0.20 ± 0.10 | nd | Nd | nd | Nd | Nd | |
| WHO | 1.00 | 10.00 | 0.30 | 10.00 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 40.00 | |