| Process | 3D thin shell manufacturing | ||||
| Shape | Size (mm) | Fiber orientation (degree) | Automation (fully/semi/not) | Cycle time (min) | |
| Weaving | |||||
| 1. Folded up: | |||||
| Shuttle weft insertion | doubly contour | __________ | 0, 90 | not automatic | __________ |
| Origami | rectangle box | __________ | 0, 45, 90 | semi-automatic | __________ |
| 2. Variation of thread spacing: | |||||
| Koppleman’s process | hemispheres | __________ | 0, 90 | __________ | __________ |
| Shape weaving | biaxial curves | __________ | 0, ±45, 90 | fully automatic | 4:08 (e.g. indoor panel) |
| Knitting | |||||
| Spickel & suspended stitch: | |||||
| SHIMA SEIKI WholeGarment® (e.g. SWG-XR) | domes, spheres | 1250 - 1500 | __________ | fully automatic | __________ |
| STOLL (e.g. CMS 320 TC) | tube, ellipse | __________ | __________ | fully automatic | __________ |
| Nonwoven | |||||
| Net-shape nonwopven (NSN) | scaffolds | __________ | __________ | fully automatic | __________ |
| Airlaying | web, hat | __________ | __________ | fully automatic | __________ |
| Thermal through-air bonding | complex surface contours | __________ | __________ | fully automatic | __________ |
| Winding and/or layup | |||||
| Filament winding | car seat | __________ | __________ | fully automatic | __________ |