Authors

Conspicuousness

Uniqueness

Quality

Extend-self

Hedonism

Other

Veblen [7]

Conspicuous consumption Pecuniary emulation Status & Wealth

Invidious comparison Dintinction

Fashion

Bourgeois Upper-class

Leisure class Pleasure

Leibenstein [8]

Veblen effect

Snob effect

Bandwagon effect

Mason [13] [14]

Conspicuous consumption Status seeking

Scarcity value

Aesthetic quality

Dinsinction Comformity Achievement

Bearden & Etzel [15]

Conspicuous

Exclusivity

Publicly consumed

Privately consumed

Rossiter & Percy [16]

High involvement Conspicuous brand

Social approval Search audience Personal recognition

Sensory gratification

Sugimoto [1]

Meliority

Self-expression Anticonformity

Quality evaluation

Avoiding deviation News hook

Avoiding cognitive dissonance

Richins [17]

Conspicious Socially visible Expensive Status concern

Success Achivement Expression of the self Stereotypes

Happiness Hedonic potential Pleasure

Dubois & Laurent [18]

Very expensive Elitism

Few people Distinguish Snob

Better quality Non mass-produced

Imitate rich Reveal who you are Refined people

Happiness Hedonic potential Pleasure

Pantzalis [19]

Setting high prices Status symbol

Exclusivity Uniqueness Selectively Accessible Limited supply Scarce for all others

Aspirational groups Imitation

Dubois & Paternault [20]

Expensiveness

Exclusive clientele Scarcity

Extreme quality Craftmanship

Hedonic experience Aesthetic appeal

Rituals Usefulness

Wong & Ahuvia [21]

Conspicuous Wealth & social class Expensive & ostentations Materialism

Conformity versus distinction

Brand manufacture Country of origin

Public appearances Self-concept Personal success Reputation of family

Hedonic value Pleasure experience

Gift giving

Dubois et al. [10]

Elitism

Demosratization

Distance

Kumagai [11]

Celebrity

Quality

Symbolicalness

Miura [12]

Norm consciousness Conformity