Deleanu et al. (2014)

Prospective observational design

84 participants

Patients with recent open and closed tibial shaft fractures treated with reamed or unreamed intramedullary locked nail fixation at a tertiary hospital in Romania.

Closed and Gustilo grade I and II

Both solid and hollow

- The mean duration of surgery was shorter for the SIGN nail group with 43 min (SD 18) compared to 55 (SD 27) in the hollow nail group.

- In both groups, one case of non-union was observed, and they were treated using exchange nailing and autologous bone grafting. There were no reports of delayed union.

- No cases of SSI were reported.

Sathis (2017)

Prospective randomized control study

72 participants

Adult patients with tibia shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing at the trauma unit of a tertiary teaching hospital attached to Kannur Medical College, India.

Closed and Gustilo grade I, II and IIIa

Both solid and hollow

- One case of delayed union in the hollow nail group and no cases in the solid nail group.

- Four (4) cases of SSI in the solid nail group and three (3) cases in the hollow nail group.

Haonga et al. (2019)

Prospective randomized control study

50 participants

Patients presenting with open diaphyseal tibial fracture at Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute (MOI) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

AO/OTA Type 42 open fractures

Solid

- All patients in the intramedullary nail group demonstrated indications of bone union, with 8% of patients experiencing delayed union (p = 0.05).

Mathur et al. (2020)

Not stated

20 participants

Patients having compound tibial shaft fracture at the Department of Orthopaedics at Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Gustilo grade I, II and IIIa

Hollow

- One (1) case of delayed union.

- Four (4) cases of infection.