PICO

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Population

· Studies with skeletally mature populations (16 years) with tibia shaft fractures treated with solid/hollow nails.

· Studies with skeletally immature population (<16 years).

Intervention

· Tibia nailing with solid locked, intramedullary nails.

· Tibia nailing with solid unlocked intramedullary nails.

· Tibia nailing with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) nails.

Comparison

· Tibia nailing with hollow locked nails.

· Tibia nailing with hollow unlocked nails.

Outcomes

· average duration of surgery (minutes).

· rate of surgical site infection after treatment.

· delayed union rates after fixation.

· Non-union rates after surgery.

· Anterior knee pain rates after surgery.