Cameroon

11% - 39.8%

Tongue examination, Post mortem, ELISA

[33] [43] [47]

0.4% - 3%

Ab-ELISA

[48]

Chad

6.8% - 25.7%

Tongue examination, Post mortem, Serology

[33] [49]

ND

ND

ND

Cote d’Ivoire

2.5% - 3.6%

Tongue examination, Post mortem examination

[49] [50] [51]

ND

ND

ND

D. R. Congo

0.1% - 41.2%

Tongue examination, Post mortem, Serology

[44]

3%

Autopsy

[52]

Eritrea

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Ethiopia

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Gabon

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Gambia

4.8%

Ag-ELISA

[53]

1.74%

[54]

Ghana

11.7% - 18.8%

Post mortem

[35] [55] [56] [57]

Case Report

[58]

Guinea

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Kenya

5.6% - 37.6%

Lingual examination, Ag-ELISA

[59] - [66]

2.4%, 6.6%

Serology, HP10 Ag-ELISA

[66] [67]

Madagascar

2.3% - 4.6%

Ag-ELISA, Post mortem examination

[68] [69]

7% - 21%

ELISA (Western blot)

[70]

Malawi

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Mali

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Mauritania

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Mozambique

6% - 34.9%

Ag-ELISA, Post mortem examination, Tongue palpation

[33] [61] ,

[71] [72]

8% - 71.9%

Ab-ELISA, Ag-ELISA, CT scan

[15] [45]

Namibia

ND

ND

ND

51.41%

CT scan

[73]

Niger

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Nigeria

2.4% - 46%

Ag-ELISA, Post mortem examination, Tongue palpation

[35] [49] [74] ,

[75] [76] [77]

9.6% - 14.3%

IgG antibodies (ELISA)

[78] [79]

Rwanda

6.8% - 20%

Ag-ELISA, Post mortem examination

[43] [49] [80]

12.1% - 21.8%

Ab. ELISA, CT scans, PCR

[81]

Senegal

0.2% - 26.7%

Lingual examination, Ag-ELISA

[33] [49] [53] [57]

7.69%

Ab-ELISA

[82] [83]

Somalia

Republic of South Africa

11.9% - 64.4%

Ag-ELISA, Lingual and Post mortem examination

[59] [61] [84] ,

[85] [86] [87]

30% - 51%

Ab-ELISA, CT scan

[88]

Sudan

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Swaziland

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Tanzania

4.5% - 33.3%

[45] [59] [89] - [95]

2.8% - 76%

CT scans, Ab-ELISA,

Ag-ELISA, EITB

[2] [30] ,

[96] [97]

Togo

17%

Meat inspection

[35] [98]

2.4%

Ag-LISA

[98]

Uganda

8.6% - 39.5%

Serology, Antemortem and Postmortem Inspections

[61] [99] [100] ,

[101] [102]

9% - 15%

Ab-ELISA, Ag-ELISA, EITB

[33] [103]

Zambia

20% - 56.6%

Post mortem inspection, Ante mortem inspection, ELISA

[59] [61]

10% - 38.5%

Ag/Ab ELISA

[45] [104]

Zimbabwe

2.7% - 28.6%

ELISA, Post mortem inspection

[33] [61] [105] [106]

11% - 12%

X-ray

[45]