Soil properties

Modulus of elasticity, Es

20,000 kPa

Density, γ_s

18 kN/m³

Poisson’s ratio, ms

0.4

Yield stress, σ_y

100 kPa

Pile properties

Modulus of Elasticity, Ep

25 GPa

Poisson's ratio, m_p

0.2

Density, γp

25 kN/m³

s/D ratio

3, 4, 5, 7

Pile cap thickness, tp

0.5 m

Interface element

Normal stiffness, Kn

1.0 × 10⁶ kN/m³

Tangential stiffness, K_s

1000 kN/m³