Maxim: Violation characteristics: | Violation examples: semantic features of news headlines |
Quantity violation characteristics: Q1: If the speaker does circumlocution or not to the point. Q2: If the speaker is uninformative. Q3: If the speaker talks too short. Q4: If the speaker talks too much Q5: If the speaker repeats certain words. | The deliberate use of (omission). The deliberate use of (initials). The deliberate use of (abbreviations). Piling up information in extended noun phrases. The deliberate use of (words and phrases rather than long complete sentences). The deliberate use of (Ellipses: content and structural). The deliberate use of (Eliding). The deliberate use of (simple, short, precise and appropriate words). The deliberate use of (initials, acronym, clipping and blending). The deliberate use of (numerals instead of numbers). The deliberate use of (rhyme, rhytm, and alliteration [as they entail repetition]). The deliberate use of comma instead of “and” [as to indicate addition]. |
Quality Q1: If the speaker lies or says something that is believed to be false. Q2: If the speaker does irony or makes ironic and sarcastic statement. Q3: If the speaker denies something. Q4: If the speaker distorts information. | The deliberate use of (emotionally colored words and phrases). The deliberate use of (sensationalism). The deliberate use of (loan words). The deliberate use of (nominalization and noun phrases). The deliberate use of (quotations and direct speech). The deliberate use of (special language which has its own lexical, syntactical, and rhetorical features). The deliberate (the deliberate leave of the auxiliary [this leave of auxiliary violates pattern 1, 2, and 3 of the English sentence which means deforming information about the preceding noun of the auxiliary The deliberate use of (infinitive instead of the future tense). The deliberate avoidance of (punctuation marks). The deliberate use of (fixed expressions [a group of words that are used together such as ready-made clichés] and idiomatic usage; the deliberate modification of these items). The deliberate use of (puns or alliteration [as they entail humorous and ironic domains]). The deliberate use of (complex riddles and juxtapositions). The deliberately (personify the name of a country). The deliberate use of (direct sentences instead of questions [entails distorting information]. |
Relation R1: If the speaker makes the conversation unmatched with the Topic. R2: If the speaker changes conversation topic abruptly. R3: If the speaker avoids talking about something. R4: If the speaker hides something or hides a fact. R5: If the speaker does the wrong causality. | The deliberate use of (a wide range of structures and sentence types that directly address the reader [as to avoid presenting the topic directly, and to establish an “artificial” personalization]). The deliberate use of (tricky words that bore very little relevance or no relevance to the news story). The deliberate use of a source domain that includes (cultural heritage, bible, classical world and culture). The deliberate (use of quotations and direct speech [as to avoid taking responsibility]. The deliberate use of (tropes, metonymy, and metaphor [hiding the theme and argument]. |
Manner: M1: If the speaker uses ambiguous language. M2: If the speaker exaggerates thing. M3: If the speaker uses slang in front of people who do not understand it. M4: If the speaker’s voice is not loud enough. | abbreviated structures: Foreign words and emotional lexis. Deliberately break up set expressions or deform special terms. The deliberate use of (initials, acronym, clipping and blending). The deliberate use of (words from dictionary that are far from the understanding of the common news reading population). Avoid using punctuation. Complex riddles. The deliberate use of Cataphoric structure. Juxtapositions. Use words from the dictionary that are far from the understanding of the common news reading population Ungrammatical sentences. The use of complex noun phrases. The deliberate use of (complex riddles and juxtapositions). The deliberate use of (initials and acronyms) The deliberate us (of exclamation marks [exaggeration]) The deliberate use of a question mark [expanding the ambiguity scope and maximize speculation and doubt] |