Maxim: Violation characteristics:

Violation examples: semantic features of news headlines

Quantity violation characteristics:

Q1: If the speaker does circumlocution or not to the point.

Q2: If the speaker is uninformative.

Q3: If the speaker talks too short.

Q4: If the speaker talks too much

Q5: If the speaker repeats certain words.

Ÿ The deliberate use of (omission).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (initials).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (abbreviations).

Ÿ Piling up information in extended noun phrases.

Ÿ The deliberate use of (words and phrases rather than long complete sentences).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (Ellipses: content and structural).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (Eliding).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (simple, short, precise and appropriate words).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (initials, acronym, clipping and blending).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (numerals instead of numbers).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (rhyme, rhytm, and alliteration [as they entail repetition]).

Ÿ The deliberate use of comma instead of “and” [as to indicate addition].

Quality

Q1: If the speaker lies or says something that is believed to be false.

Q2: If the speaker does irony or makes ironic and sarcastic statement.

Q3: If the speaker denies something.

Q4: If the speaker distorts information.

Ÿ The deliberate use of (emotionally colored words and phrases).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (sensationalism).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (loan words).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (nominalization and noun phrases).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (quotations and direct speech).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (special language which has its own lexical, syntactical, and rhetorical features).

Ÿ The deliberate (the deliberate leave of the auxiliary [this leave of auxiliary violates pattern 1, 2, and 3 of the English sentence which means deforming information about the preceding noun of the auxiliary (Stageberg & Goodman, 1981) .

Ÿ The deliberate use of (infinitive instead of the future tense).

Ÿ The deliberate avoidance of (punctuation marks).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (fixed expressions [a group of words that are used together such as ready-made clichés] and idiomatic usage; the deliberate modification of these items).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (puns or alliteration [as they entail humorous and ironic domains]).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (complex riddles and juxtapositions).

Ÿ The deliberately (personify the name of a country).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (direct sentences instead of questions [entails distorting information].

Relation

R1: If the speaker makes the conversation unmatched with the Topic.

R2: If the speaker changes conversation topic abruptly.

R3: If the speaker avoids talking about something.

R4: If the speaker hides something or hides a fact.

R5: If the speaker does the wrong causality.

Ÿ The deliberate use of (a wide range of structures and sentence types that directly address the reader [as to avoid presenting the topic directly, and to establish an “artificial” personalization]).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (tricky words that bore very little relevance or no relevance to the news story).

Ÿ The deliberate use of a source domain that includes (cultural heritage, bible, classical world and culture).

Ÿ The deliberate (use of quotations and direct speech [as to avoid taking responsibility].

Ÿ The deliberate use of (tropes, metonymy, and metaphor [hiding the theme and argument].

Manner:

M1: If the speaker uses ambiguous language.

M2: If the speaker exaggerates thing.

M3: If the speaker uses slang in front of people who do not understand it.

M4: If the speaker’s voice is not loud enough.

Ÿ abbreviated structures:

Ÿ Foreign words and emotional lexis.

Ÿ Deliberately break up set expressions or deform special terms.

Ÿ The deliberate use of (initials, acronym, clipping and blending).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (words from dictionary that are far from the understanding of the common news reading population).

Ÿ Avoid using punctuation.

Ÿ Complex riddles.

Ÿ The deliberate use of Cataphoric structure.

Ÿ Juxtapositions.

Ÿ Use words from the dictionary that are far from the understanding of the common news reading population

Ÿ Ungrammatical sentences.

Ÿ The use of complex noun phrases.

Ÿ The deliberate use of (complex riddles and juxtapositions).

Ÿ The deliberate use of (initials and acronyms)

Ÿ The deliberate us (of exclamation marks [exaggeration])

Ÿ The deliberate use of a question mark [expanding the ambiguity scope and maximize speculation and doubt]