Language Forms and Technique

Related Literature

A: Omission

Ÿ Omission of punctuation marks.

Ÿ Omission unnecessary capitalization.

Ÿ Omission of verbs.

Ÿ Omission of subjects of the sentences.

Ÿ Elliptical sentences (in such headlines the auxiliary verbs, subjects, articles can be omitted).

Ÿ Omission determiners.

Ÿ Omission of articles.

Ÿ Omission of verbs and auxiliaries.

Ÿ Omission of both verbs and subjects.

Ÿ Omission of articles.

Ÿ Omission of finite verbs.

Ÿ Omission relative pronouns.

Ÿ Omission titles.

Ÿ Omission of function words.

Leigh (1994) , cited in Monsefi & Mahadi (2016) ; Znamenskaya (2005) , cited in Din & Ghani (2020) ; Bednarek & Caple (2012) , cited in Molek-Kozakowska (2013) ; Mårdh (1980) , cited in Bazza (2012) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Sherpa (2012: p. 75) ; Prakash & Dhawan (2017) , cited in Gasparyan (2019) ; Din & Ghani (2020) ;

B: Poetics\Phonetic

Ÿ Versification: rhyme or rhythm, alliteration;

Ÿ Homophones;

Ÿ Metonymy;

Ÿ Use of puns and word play.

Develotte & Rechniewski (2001) , cited in Din & Ghani (2020) ; Znamenskaya (2005) , cited in Din & Ghani (2020) ; Soler (2008) ; Shie (2010) ; Isani (2011) ; White (2011) ; Bednarek & Caple (2012) , cited in Molek-Kozakowska (2013) ; Mårdh (1980) , cited in Bazza (2012) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Uppuleti & Ganta (2015) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Prakash & Dhawan (2017) , cited in Gasparyan (2019) ; Din & Ghani (2020) ;

C: Verbs

Ÿ Finite verb in the headlines.

Ÿ A non-finite structure in the headlines.

Ÿ Verb less phrases for headlines.

Ÿ Verbal phrases—infinitive, participial and gerundial.

Ÿ Active verbs.

Ÿ Passive constructions the verb “to be” is often omitted.

Ÿ Present tense is the most common.

Ÿ Infinitive is often used instead of future tenses.

Soler (2008) ; Prášková (2009) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Al Janaby & Abed (2011) ; Shishkova (2015) ;

D: Words

Ÿ The use of confusing words and phrases that do not hold any meaning if read in isolation:

Ÿ The use of emotionally colored words and phrases

Ÿ The use of words and phrases rather than long complete sentences

Ÿ The use of short words.

Ÿ The use of specific word order.

Ÿ Exploit some loan words.

Prášková (2009) , cited in Al Janaby & Abed (2011) ; Majeed & Salih (2012) ; Mårdh (1980) , cited in Bazza (2012) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Sherpa (2012) ; Gasparyan (2019) ; McArthur, Lam-McArthur, & Fontaine (2018) , cited in Din & Ghani (2020) ;

E: Sentences:

Ÿ Ungrammatical sentences.

Ÿ Questions in the form of statements.

Ÿ Complex sentences.

Ÿ Nominative sentences

Ÿ Interrogative sentences.

Ÿ Full declarative sentences.

Ÿ Direct sentences instead of question headlines.

Saxena (2006) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Al Janaby & Abed (2011) ; White (2011) ; Sherpa (2012) ; Dor (2003) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Prakash & Dhawan (2017) , cited in Gasparyan (2019) ;

F: Other techniques

Ÿ The frequent use of complex noun phrases in subject positions.

Ÿ Nominalization.

Ÿ Taking advantage of prepositions.

Ÿ Piling up information in extended noun phrases.

Ÿ Deliberately break up set expressions or deform special terms.

Ÿ Neologisms.

Ÿ Ambiguity.

Ÿ Widely known abbreviations should/ may be used.

Ÿ Attributions of those whose statements or comments are presented in articles should be used in headlines.

Ÿ The use of numerals rather than numbers.

Ÿ Punctuation marks: evading or exploiting.

Ÿ The use of complex noun phrases.

Ÿ Make use of noun phrases.

Ÿ The use of initials.

Ÿ Source domain.

Ÿ Juxtaposition.

Ÿ Cataphoric rather than anaphoric structure.

Chiang (2002) , cited in Al Janaby & Abed (2011) ; Znamenskaya (2005) , cited in Din & Ghani (2020) ;

Saxena (2006) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Soler (2008) ; Al Janaby & Abed (2011) ; White (2011) ; Majeed & Salih (2012) ; Mårdh (1980) , cited in Bazza (2012) , cited in Karazoun & Abdelmajid (2016) ; Sherpa (2012) ; Prakash & Dhawan (2017) , cited in Gasparyan (2019) ; McArthur, Lam-McArthur, & Fontaine (2018) , cited in Din & Ghani (2020) ; Gasparyan (2019) ; Baicchi (2003) , cited in White (2011) .