Question | Examples |
1. Protein expression 2. Alternatively spliced mRNAs 3. Posttranslational modifications 4. Antigen receptor expression and specificity | ・ Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein, a driver of autoimmune tissue injury in RA and MS, is regulated posttranscriptionally by 3′ untranslated region AU-rich sequences. ・ Polyadenylation signal sequences frequently regulate protein expression posttranscriptionally . ・ Certain polypeptides with diametric functions, such as bcl-xS and bcl-xL, arise from alternative splicing of common RNA transcripts. ・ T and B lymphocyte activation are exquisitely regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the antigen receptor-associated signaling complexes ・ Autoreactive T and B cells exist in heterogenous populations at frequencies of less than 1:10,000, making transcriptional profiling of T cell receptor and autoantibody gene usage uninformative |