Skin lightening agent | IC50a | Inhibitory mechanismb |
Hydroquinonec | 0.037 mM | Competitive |
Arbutin | 24.0 mM | Competitive |
Gallic acid | 4.50 mM | Unknown |
Kojic acid | 0.030 mM | Unknown |
NANA (Sialic acid) | 0.100 mM | Non-competitive |