Herbicide application

Soybean yield

Main effect

Rate^c

Timing

2011

2012

2013

kg∙ha⁻¹

-----------------------------kg∙ha⁻¹----------------------------

Post-harvest herbicides

No herbicide

4955 a

3640 a

4504 a

Pendimethalin +

Paraquat

1.12

0.84

Post-harvest^d

4979 a

3678 a

4532 a

In-crop herbicides

No herbicide

2976 b

1836 b

3239 b

Glyphosate fb

Glyphosate

0.84

0.84

EPOST

LPOST

5456 a

3778 a

4614 a

Pyroxasulfone fb

Glyphosate fb

Glyphosate

0.18

0.84

0.84

PRE

EPOST

LPOST

5218 a

4000 a

4756 a

Pyroxasulfone fb

Glyphosate

0.18

0.84

PRE

LPOST

5441 a

4341 a

4876 a

Pyroxasulfone fb

Glyphosate +

S-metolachlor

0.18

0.84

1.68

PRE

EPOST

EPOST

5426 a

4192 a

4878 a

Pyroxasulfone fb

S-metolachlor +

Fomesafen fb

Clethodim

0.18

1.12

0.27

0.14

PRE

EPOST

EPOST

LPOST

5285 a

3805 a

4744 a