Father’s educational background (mean ± standard deviation)

F

Junior high school and below (n = 161)

College (n = 36)

Bachelor’s degree or above (n = 21)

High school or vocational school (n = 138)

Career Self-Concept

21.51 ± 4.33

20.36 ± 3.89

21.14 ± 2.63

20.36 ± 5.11

1.800

Retention Benefits and Departure Risks

13.32 ± 3.51

14.89 ± 3.68

16.57 ± 2.23

10.83 ± 3.45

29.077***

Social Comparison and Self-Reflection

11.50 ± 2.24

11.36 ± 2.17

11.81 ± 2.80

10.40 ± 2.74

5.844**

Autonomy in Career Choices

7.01 ± 1.89

7.50 ± 1.76

9.43 ± 0.81

5.99 ± 1.64

28.739***

Social Persuasion

7.50 ± 1.55

7.78 ± 1.51

7.43 ± 1.16

7.30 ± 1.83

0.883