Quality characteristics

Multi-batch extraction

I

II

III

IV

Total phenols (mg CAE/g flower)

37.25 ± 0.25 A^a

30.83 ± 0.57 B

28.41 ± 1.16 C

23.41 ± 0.59 D

Caffeic acid derivatives (mg/g flower)

Caftaric acid

4.00 ± 0.07 A

3.34 ± 0.09 B

2.81 ± 0.05 C

2.34 ± 0.20 D

Chlorogenic acid

0.58 ± 0.04 A

0.49 ± 0.03 B

0.44 ± 0.01 B

0.35 ± 0.05 C

Caffeic acid

0.10 ± 0.02 A

0.07 ± < 0.01 B

0.07 ± 0.01 B

0.05 ± 0.01 B

Echinacoside

0.25 ± 0.04 A

0.20 ± 0.01 B

0.18 ± 0.03 B

0.15 ± 0.02 B

Cichoric acid

14.02 ± 0.33 A

11.61 ± 0.31 B

10.20 ± 0.16 C

8.26 ± 0.69 D

Total caffeic acid derivatives

18.95 ± 0.32 A

15.72 ± 0.38 B

13.69 ± 0.20 C

11.16 ± 0.95 D

Alkamide 8/9^b (mg/g flower)

106.53 ± 8.19 A

79.87 ± 2.33 B

69.23 ± 5.19 C

35.02 ± 1.12 D