Quality characteristics

Number of Extraction

Freezed-dried

flower

1st

2nd

3rd

1st + 2 nd + 3rd

Weight (g)

3.2284 ± 0.2098 A^a

1.4002 ± 0.0509 B

0.4343 ± 0.0197 C

5.0629 ± 0.1495

Extraction yield^b (%)

21.52 ± 1.40 A

9.33 ± 0.34 B

2.90 ± 0.13 C

33.75 ± 1.00

Total phenols (mg CAE/g)

182.08 ± 3.74 A

176.33 ± 4.93 B

177.08 ± 4.27 B

180.06 ± 3.96

60.78 ± 1.32

Caffeic acid derivatives (mg/g)

Caftaric acid

19.97 ± 1.40 A

19.89 ± 0.63 A

19.61 ± 1.43 A

19.92 ± 1.19

6.72 ± 0.11

Chlorogenic acid

2.98 ± 0.25 A

2.58 ± 0.21 AB

2.34 ± 0.16 B

2.81 ± 0.23

0.95 ± 0.01

Caffeic acid

0.40 ± 0.02 A

0.41 ± 0.04 A

0.38 ± 0.04 A

0.40 ± 0.03

0.14 ± 0.01

Echinacoside

1.09 ± 0.10 A

1.09 ± 0.13 A

1.09 ± 0.21 A

1.09 ± 0.12

0.37 ± 0.02

Cichoric acid

66.57 ± 3.53 A

66.54 ± 1.26 A

62.07 ± 2.14 A

66.18 ± 2.78

22.34 ± 0.20

Total caffeic acid derivatives

91.01 ± 5.29 A

90.51 ± 2.14 A

85.49 ± 3.90 A

90.40 ± 4.30

30.51 ± 0.32

Alkamide 8/9^c (mg/g)

505.38 ± 28.52 B

598.61 ± 25.66 A

585.99 ± 36.46 A

538.08 ± 20.87

181.62 ± 15.28