| 13c | Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display results of individual studies and syntheses. |
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13d | Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity, and software package(s) used. |
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13e | Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g. subgroup analysis, meta-regression). |
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13f | Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess robustness of the synthesized results. |
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Reporting bias assessment | 14 | Describe any methods used to assess risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting biases). |
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Certainty assessment | 15 | Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome. |
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RESULTS |
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Study selection | 16a | Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram. |
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16b | Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they were excluded. |
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Study characteristics | 17 | Cite each included study and present its characteristics. |
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Risk of bias in studies | 18 | Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study. |
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Results of individual studies | 19 | For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an effect estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots. |
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Results of syntheses | 20a | For each synthesis, briefly summarise the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies. |
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20b | Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect. |
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20c | Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results. |
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20d | Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results. |
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Reporting biases | 21 | Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed. |
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Certainty of evidence | 22 | Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed. |
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DISCUSSION |
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Discussion | 23a | Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence. |
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23b | Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review. |
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23c | Discuss any limitations of the review processes used. |
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23d | Discuss implications of the results for practice, policy, and future research. |
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