Constant term

−82.015^* (−2.47)

−36.164 (−1.07)

−45.999 (−0.91)

−125.88^* (−2.29)

Author is an economist

1.436^** (2.96)

1.030^* (2.06)

2.411^** (3.30)

Economics Journal

1.302^* (2.11)

15.51^*** (0.000)

0.500 (1.01)

1.25 (0.535)

0.823 (1.19)

1.92 (0.382)

0.486 (0.58)

0.80 (0.667)

Non-Economics Journal

−0.184 (−0.30)

0.482 (1.05)

0.491 (0.65)

0.055 (0.08)

Time series data

−0.302 (−0.59)

1.15 (0.564)

−0.195 (−0.41)

2.13 (0.345)

−0.590 (−0.71)

0.82 (0.663)

−1.132 (−1.34)

1.87 (0.392)

Cross-sectional data

−0.483 (−1.07)

−0.669 (−1.39)

−0.027 (−0.04)

−0.695 (−0.90)

OLS

−0.369 (−0.68)

1.10 (0.777)

−0.090 (−0.20)

0.41 (0.939)

0.226 (0.49)

0.84 (0.839)

0.595 (0.85)

2.07 (0.559)

Advanced estimation methods

−0.213 (−0.58)

−0.088 (−0.26)

−0.005 (−0.02)

−0.411 (−0.76)

Weighted regressions

0.253 (0.65)

0.222 (0.54)

−0.343 (−0.79)

−0.246 (−0.41)

Data from the U.S.

0.415 (0.59)

0.488 (0.94)

−1.489^* (−2.30)

−0.105 (−0.12)

Publication year

0.041^* (2.44)

0.017 (1.02)

0.024 (0.91)

0.063^* (2.27)

Unemployment rate included

0.188 (0.54)

0.35 (0.842)

−0.184 (−0.53)

0.64 (0.725)

−0.452 (−1.11)

4.17 (0.124)

−0.667 (−1.39)

3.85 (0.146

Growth rate of real income included

−0.152 (−0.36)

−0.152 (−0.38)

−0.575 (−1.24)

−0.766 (−1.50)

Overall Wald test

29.09^** (0.002)

6.99 (0.800)

11.53 (0.400)

12.69 (0.314)

Pseudo R²

0.256

0.206

0.235

0.444

Standard error of the regression

0.439

0.447

0.452

0.396

Log of the pseudo-likelihood function

−46.117

−55.433

−38.626

−25.482

Hannan-Quinn criteron

1.400

1.386

1.537

1.336

Number of observation

92

106

75

67