Variable

(1)

(2)

Social security expenditure

−0.036***

(−3.06)

Social security expenditure One phase behind

−0.037***

(−3.24)

Economic development level

−0.014

(−1.06)

−0.006

(−0.41)

Urbanization level

−0.382***

(−3.73)

−0.399***

(−3.79)

Medical security level

−0.036

(−1.28)

−0.027

(−0.97)

Public education level

−0.067***

(−4.21)

−0.074***

(−4.53)

unemployment rate

−0.028***

(−2.79)

−0.027***

(−2.62)

Family economic status

0.014**

(2.56)

0.015***

(2.70)

Female labor participation level

0.128***

(2.92)

0.103**

(2.27)

Marriage rate

0.178***

(7.79)

0.187***

(8.06)

divorce rate

−0.054***

(−5.34)

−0.046***

(−4.46)

Constant

0.279

(1.39)

0.217

(1.05)

Number of observation

900

864

Goodness of fit

0.366

0.387

Individual fixed effect

control

control

Time fixed effec

control

control

P

0

0

R2

0.314

0.335

F

14.12

15.21