animal | Age/weight | Inciting factors | Induced time | The histologic | Special change |
Male Sprague-Dawley rats [76] | 6 weeks | inject 15 mg/100g warfarin twice a day + 1.5 mg vitamin K1/100 g per day or one half of this dose. | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks | Calcification of the elastic plate layer (Coronary, aortic valves, hilus arteriesa, pulmonary arteries), Mineralization of abdominal aorta, carotid artery and aorta | Tissue calcium and MGP mRNA↑, serum calcium, phosphorus levels, bone growth constant |
male Sprague-Dawley rats [148] | 8 weeks, weight 250 - 280 g | treated with warfarin (20 mg/kg/d) and subcutaneous injection of vitamin K (15 mg/kg/d ) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28. | 4 weeks | Aortic root and aortic valve mineralization | heart rate↓, hemodynamic changes |
Male Wistar rats [149] | weight 200g | Mineralization(Aortic root and apex, aortic wall and heart apex), Apoptotic cells in apex of aorta↑ | hemodynamic changes, The main thoracic calcification PMV↑↑, TPTVV↑ | ||
male C57/Bl6 mice [86] | 8 weeks | 250 mg/kg/d warfarin and 30 mg/kg/d vitamin K1 | 4 weeks | Obvious calcium deposition (aortic valve) | Not know |
DBA/2Nchr mice [87] | after birth | 1) 0.03 mg/g warfarin + 1.5 mg/g vitaminK1 | 1, 4, 7 weeks | “3 mg” group: most obvious calcification(myocardial tissue, aortic tissue), MGP mRNA is the lowest, osteopontin is the highest | SBP, Ca, P, CRP and BUN no change, PWV, TPTVV, AVPG↑ (0.3 mg most), t-ucMGP 0.3 mg (the highest) |
2) 0.3 mg/g warfarin + 1.5 mg/g vitamin K1 | |||||
3) 3 mg/g warfarin + 1.5 mg/g vitaminK1 | |||||
ApoE-/- mice [83] | 10 weeks | WTD (0.25% cholesterol and 15% cocoa butter), WTD + VitK1 (1.5 mg/g food) + warfarin (3.0 mg/g food) | 12 weeks + 1, 4 weeks | Thoracic aorta calcium levels, Endometrial calcification plaque and Calcified nodule area↑ | PC, Ca, P and weight no change, carboxylated MGP↓↓, uncarboxylated MGP↑, plaque apoptosis↑, VSMC loss |
ApoE-/- mice [84] | 8weeks | WTD + vitK1 (1.5 mg/g food), 3 mg VKA warfarin (V/K1 diet) | 8 weeks + 8 weeks | Calcium accumulation in the aortic valve↑↑ | weight, plasma lipid, Ca, P (no significant differences), Atherosclerosis and ALP activity was similar. |