| dbAMPc, IBMX, EGF, bFGF, FGF-8 and BDNF. | Human bone marrow adult | Induction with 1 mM dbcAMP, 0.5 mM IBMX, 20 ng/ml hEGF, 40 ng/ml bFGF, 10 ng/ml FGF-8 and 10 ng/ml BDNF. | 6 days | 90% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for Tuj1 and nestin | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. RT-PCR increased expression of NF, NeuN, Tau, Nurr1, GABA, GalC, and GFAP. Immunostaining for tuj1, nestin, NeuN, NF, Gaba, Tau, and Nurr 1 and GFAP and Gal-C in cells with glial morphology. | No | [63]
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| IBMX, RA, dbAMPc, NGF-β and bFGF. | Human umbilical cord Fetal | Induction with 0.5 mM IBMX, 10−5 M RA, 1 mM db-cAMP, 50 ng/ml NGF-β and 20 ng/ml bFGF. | 48 hours | 25% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. RT-PCR increased Nurr-1, NF-M, NSE, GFAP, Nurr1, and TH. Presence of Tau, NSE, GFAP, and TH by WB. Immunostaining for synaptophysin and HT. | No | [64] |
| DbAMPc | The adult human olfactory epithelium | Induction with Db-cAMP 2 mM in private serum medium. | 24 hours | 90% and 20% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for Tuj1 and OMP, respectively. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for OMP, Tuj1, nestin, GFAP, and Neun. Presence of OMP by WB. | Presence of Ca 2+ currents operated by voltage demonstrated by Patch-clamp. | [65]
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| Forskolin and IBMX | Human umbilical cord Fetal | Incubation with forskolin 10 μM AND 200 μM IBMX. | 24 hours | 55% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for Tuj1, NSE, GFAP nestin, and MAP2. | No | [66] |