| Inductor | Origin of MSCs | Steps | Time | Percentage of differentiation reported | Technique used to demonstrate differentiation | Functionality demonstration | Reference |
| β-Me | Adult human bone marrow | Pre-induction in DMEM/SFB medium 20% and β-Me 1 mM for 24 h. Subsequent induction with β-Me 10 mM. | 5 hours | 50% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature (cytoplasm contraction, neurite extension, secondary branching). | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.Increased expression of NF-M and NSE by RT-PCR.Immunostaining for NSE. | No | [54] |
| β-Me and RA. | Adult human bone marrow | Pre-induction in DMEM/SFB medium 20%, β-Me 10−3 M and RA 5 × 10−7 M per 24 h. Subsequent induction by serum depletion. | 5 hours | 98% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for NeuN and β-tubulin III. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.Expression of Novo de Tau and NF-H and increased expression of NSE and NeuN by RT-PCR.Increase nestin, NSE, NeuN, and Tuj-1 post-induction by WB.Immunostaining for NSE, NeuN, and Tuj1. | Presence of Na+ current and K+ post-treatment current demonstrated by Patch-clamp. Increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration when challenged with glutamate or potassium (K+). | [56]
|
| β-Me | Adipose tissue of adult humans | Pre-induction in DMEM/SFB medium 20% and β-Me 1 mM for 24 h. Subsequent induction with β-Me 10 mM. | 9 hours | 70% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.Increased expression of NSE, NeuN, and nestin by RT-PCR.Immunostaining for NSE.Increase in NSE per WB. | No | [55]
|
| β-Me | The bone marrow of adult Sprague Dawley rats. | Pre-induction in DMEM/SFB medium 20% and β-Me 1 mM for 24 h. Subsequent induction with β-Me 10 mM. | 3 hours | 40% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.Increased expression of Map2, Nefl, Tau, and Nestin by RT-PCR.Positive immunostaining for nestin, tuj1, Nef, and Flk. | No | [57]
|
| β-Me | The bone marrow of adult Sprague Dawley rats | Pre-induction in DMEM/SFB medium 20% and β-Me 1 mM for 24 h. Subsequent induction with β-Me 5 mM. | 5 hours | 70% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Increase in NSE and nestin and decrease in Notch1 and Hes1 by WBImmunostaining for NSE. | No | [7]
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