| Fasudil and bFGF | Adult Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow | Pre-induction with 10 ng/ml of bFGF per 24 h. Subsequent induction with 200 μmol/ml of fasudil. | 48 h. | 69.35%, 76.52%, and 78.95% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for NF-M, NSE, and nestin, respectively. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Increased expression of NSE, nestin, B-catenin, and NF-M by RT-PCR and WB. Immunostaining for NF-M, NSE, and nestin. | No | [115]
|
| EGF, bFGF, NGF, and RA | Fetal human umbilical cord | Pre-induction with EGF 20 ng/ml and bFGF 20 ng/ml. Subsequent induction with Retinoic acid 0.5 mM and 100 ng/ml of NGF. | 1 week | 66.2% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for GFAP. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Increased Nestin expression, necdin, musashi1, pleiotrophin, glipcano4, and GFAP by RT-PCR and WB. Immunostaining for Musashi, Tuj1, and GFAP. | No | [116]
|
| bFGF, EGF, RA, and Shh. | Adult mouse bone marrow C57BL6 | Pre-induction with bFGF 20 ng/ml and EGF 20 ng/ml for 7 days. Subsequent induction with RA 2 mM and Shh 300 nM. | 7 days | 40% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for Tuj1 and NF. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for Tuj1 and NF. Increased expression of Tuj1, NSE, and NF by RT-PCR. | No | [117]
|
| FGF2, Forskolin, IBMX, BDNF, Shh and RA. | Adult mouse bone marrow C57BL6 | Induction with 10 ng/ml of FGF2, forskolin 5 μM, IBMX 125 μM, 50 ng/ml BDNF, 400 ng/ml Shh and 0.5 μM RA. | 7 days | 80% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for Islet1 and Tau. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for Islet1, Tau, MAP2, NeuN, calretinin, and NF. RT-PCR increased NSE, Tau, VGLUT1, VGLUT2, GluR3, and GluR4. | NO | [118] |
| RA | Human bone marrow | induction with RA 30 μM. | 12 days | 80% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for NF and MAP2. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for MAP2 and synaptophysin. | Negative resting membrane potential and ability to generate spontaneous action potentials demonstrated by Patch-clamp. | [119] |
| EGF, FGF-2, RA, and BDNF. | Adult human bone marrow | Pre-induction with 20 ng/ml FGF2 and 20 EGF for 5 weeks. Subsequent induction with RA 0.5 μmol and BDNF 10 ng/ml. | 14 days. | 42% demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for Tuj1. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for Tuj1, MAP2, GFAP, and Gal-c. | No | [121]
|