Ectopic expression of Olig2 and Hb9 in the presence of β-Me, forskolin, RA, bFGF, and Shh.

Adult human bone marrow

The CMMs were transfected with viral vectors containing the Olig2 and Hb9 gene sequences under the CMV promoter before pre-induction with β-Me 1 mM per 24 h and subsequent exposure to 1 μM RA, 5 μM FSK, 10 ng/ml bFGF, and 200 ng/ml Shh.

9 days

32% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature.

Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.

Immunostaining for NeuN, NF-M, islet-1, and ChAT.

Increased expression of NF-M, Islet-1, and VAChT by RT-PCR.

Negative resting membrane potential and presence of evoked action potentials demonstrated by Patch-clamp.

[104]

Gene transfection of NICD in the presence of forskolin, bFGF, CTNF, and GDNF

Human bone marrow adult

The CMMs were transfected with a viral vector containing the pre-induction NICD sequence with FSK 5 μM, bFGF 10 ng/ml, CNTF 10 ng/ml, and GDNF 50 ng/ml.

5 days

90% and 41% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for MAP2ab and 41% TH, respectively.

Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.

Immunostaining for MAP2, NF-M, and B-III, TH.

RT-PCR increased Nurr1, Lmx1b, En1, and Ptx3.

.

Negative resting membrane potential and presence of delayed K⁺ rectifier current demonstrated by Patch-clamp.

Release of dopamine to the medium demonstrated by ELISA.

[105]

Transfection of Mir-125-b and in the presence of β-Me

The bone marrow of adult Sprague-Dawley rat.

The CMMs were transfected with mimic RNA of miR-125b and pre-induced with β-Me 1 mM per 24 h, to later be exposed to β-Me 3 mM and DMSO 2%

6 days

55% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature.

Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.

Increased expression of β-tubulin III, MAP-2, NF, NSE, GFAP, and Nestin by RT-PCR and WB.

No

[108]