α1

Retrieving information

Match information given in the item with identical or synonymous information in the text and use this to find the new information called for, based on requirements or features specified in the item; examinees have to identify essential elements of a item, like characters, place, time, and setting, and then to search for a match that may be literal or synonymous.

α2

Forming a broad general understanding

Consider the text as a whole or in a broad perspective. Items include identifying the main topic, the general purpose, or use of the text, distinguishing between key ideas and minor details, or recognizing the summary of the main theme in a sentence or title.

α3

Developing an interpretation

Develop a more specific or complete understanding of what the examinees have read beyond their initial impressions. Items call for logical understanding, and include comparing and contrasting information, drawing inferences, or listing supporting evidence.

α4

Reflecting on and evaluating the content of a text

Connect information in a text to knowledge from other sources, or assess the claims in the text against examinees’ own knowledge of the world. Items include providing evidence or arguments from outside the text, assessing the relevance or sufficiency of information or evidence, or drawing comparisons with moral or aesthetic rules.

α5

Reflecting on and evaluating the form of a text

Stand apart from the text, consider it objectively and evaluate its quality and appropriateness. Items include determining the utility of a text for a specified purpose, evaluating an author’s use of textual features for specific goal, describing or commenting on author’s use of style, and identifying the author’s purpose and attitude.