Variable

Indicator

Gender

Class

Class leader or not

Learning punishment or not

GPA

Class participation

Attendance rate

0.273

−0.527

0.502

−1.710

0.420

Number of questions answered

−0.349

−0.190

0.797

−2.243*

2.430*

Number of group discussions participated

0.369

−0.491

0.557

−1.375

1.636

Number of issues proposed

−1.177

0.570

0.418

−2.281*

2.435*

Number of comments

−0.559

0.616

0.177

−1.063

1.588

Course materials viewing rate

0.482

−0.504

0.034

−2.194*

2.512*

learning outcomes

Knowledge acquisition

0.567

−0.622

0.162

−2.298*

2.321*

Ability improvement

−1.215

0.809

1.603

−2.175*

2.192*

Quality enhancement

1.741

−0.217

0.760

−2.085*

2.145*

Integrative achievement

0.693

0.131

1.105

−2.164*

2.342*