Income in Saudi Riyals/month | Yes N = 50 N (%)* | No N = 109 N (%)* | p-value |
Personal barriers |
|
|
|
Unawareness of the injection method. | 13 (26.0) | 52 (47.7) | 0.010 |
Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 22 (44.0) | 50 (45.9) | 0.826 |
Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 5 (10.0) | 19 (17.4) | 0.224 |
Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 20 (40.0) | 47 (43.1) | 0.711 |
Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 25 (50.0) | 64 (58.7) | 0.304 |
Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 9 (18.0) | 12 (11.0) | 0.227 |
Treatment plan complexity. | 11 (22.0) | 23 (21.1) | 0.898 |
Relying on others to take insulin. | 5 (10.0) | 22 (20.2) | 0.112 |
Religious beliefs. | 2 (4.0) | 8 (7.3) | 0.338˚ |
Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 1 (2.0) | 7 (6.4) | 0.221˚ |
Forgetfulness. | 15 (30.0) | 40 17.4) | 0.410 |
Family (social) barriers |
|
|
|
Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 5 (10.0) | 19 (17.4) | 0.224 |
Feeling Stigmatized. | 6 (12.0) | 6 (5.5) | 0.150 |
Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 10 (20.0) | 27 (24.8) | 0.509 |
Side effects barriers |
|
|
|
Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 27 (54.0) | 69 (63.3) | 0.265 |
Fear of weight gain. | 26 (52.0) | 54 (49.5) | 0.773 |
Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 21 (42.0) | 45 (41.3) | 0.932 |
Misconceptions about insulin injections |
|
|
|
Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 6 (12.0) | 18 (16.5) | 0.460 |
Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 8 (16.0) | 34 (31.2) | 0.044 |
Insulin causes aging. | 4 (8.0) | 12 (11.0) | 0.392 |
Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 7 (14.0) | 13 (11.9) | 0.714 |
Work-related barriers |
|
|
|
Long working hours. | 12 (24.0) | 12 (11.0) | 0.034 |
Irregular eating times during working hours. | 12 (24.0) | 13 (11.9) | 0.052 |
Lack of privacy during injection. | 12 (24.0) | 8 (7.3) | 0.003 |