Country | Population examined | Author | Misuse rate |
Medical students | |||
IRI | 310 medical students; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; mean age: 21.4 (data collection: 2007) | Habibzadeh et al., 2011 [33] | Lifetime prevalence: 8.7% |
USA | 1,115 medical students; 4 private and public medical schools in the greater Chicago area; mean age: 25.1 (data collection: 2011) | Emanuel et al., 2013 [36] | Lifetime prevalence: 18% general stimulants, of this amount 41% MPH |
USA | 144 third-year medical students; southern US medical school; mean age: 25 (data collection: unknown) | Webb et al., 2013 [37] | (in this case, rate taken, not misuse rate!) Lifetime prevalence: 20% general stimulants (of it 83% specifically for neuroenhancement), of this amount 52% MPH |
IR | 229 medical students; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; mean age: 26.4 (data collection: 2013) | Cohen et al., 2015 [38] | Lifetime prevalence: 8.3% |
Doctor of Pharmacy students | |||
USA | 950 Doctor of Pharmacy students; large urban college of pharmacy in the northeastern region; mean age: 20 (data collection: 2006) | Lord et al., 2009 [39] | Lifetime prevalence: 6.7% general stimulants Last-year prevalence: 5.0% general stimulants, of this amount 28% MPH |
USA | 407 Doctor of Pharmacy students; 1 public and 1 private school of pharmacy in North Carolina; 88% between 20-30 years (data collection: 2011/2012) | Volger et al., 2014 [40] | Lifetime prevalence: 1.23% |
Dental and dental hygiene students | |||
USA | 243 Dental and dental hygiene students; dental education institutions in the south-central region (data collection: 2008) | McNiel et al., 2011 [41] | With ADHD-diagnosis: 10% more than recommended dose, of it 20% with Ritalin-prescription Without ADHD-diagnosis: 12.4% general stimulants, of this amount 17% MPH |
Students in healthcare programs | |||
USA | 308 students in healthcare programs (data collection: unknown) | Herman et al., 2011 [42] | Lifetime prevalence: 10.4% general stimulants, of this amount 20% MPH |