Country

Population examined

Author

Misuse rate

Medical students

IRI

310 medical students; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; mean age: 21.4

(data collection: 2007)

Habibzadeh et al., 2011 [33]

Lifetime prevalence:

8.7%

USA

1,115 medical students; 4 private and public medical schools in the greater Chicago area; mean age: 25.1

(data collection: 2011)

Emanuel

et al., 2013 [36]

Lifetime prevalence:

18% general stimulants, of this amount 41% MPH

USA

144 third-year medical students; southern US medical school; mean age: 25

(data collection: unknown)

Webb

et al., 2013 [37]

(in this case, rate taken, not misuse rate!)

Lifetime prevalence:

20% general stimulants (of it 83% specifically for neuroenhancement), of this amount 52% MPH

IR

229 medical students; Ben Gurion University of the Negev; mean age: 26.4

(data collection: 2013)

Cohen

et al., 2015 [38]

Lifetime prevalence:

8.3%

Doctor of Pharmacy students

USA

950 Doctor of Pharmacy students; large urban college of pharmacy in the northeastern region; mean age: 20

(data collection: 2006)

Lord

et al., 2009 [39]

Lifetime prevalence:

6.7% general stimulants

Last-year prevalence: 5.0% general stimulants, of this amount 28% MPH

USA

407 Doctor of Pharmacy students; 1 public and 1 private school of pharmacy in North Carolina; 88% between 20-30 years

(data collection: 2011/2012)

Volger

et al., 2014 [40]

Lifetime prevalence:

1.23%

Dental and dental hygiene students

USA

243 Dental and dental hygiene students; dental education institutions in the south-central region

(data collection: 2008)

McNiel

et al., 2011 [41]

With ADHD-diagnosis:

10% more than recommended dose, of it 20% with Ritalin-prescription

Without ADHD-diagnosis:

12.4% general stimulants, of this amount 17% MPH

Students in healthcare programs

USA

308 students in healthcare programs

(data collection: unknown)

Herman

et al., 2011 [42]

Lifetime prevalence: 10.4% general stimulants, of this amount 20% MPH