samples

FWMH (210)

(˚)

(D) Crystal

size (nm)

( d) Dislocation density (nm⁻²) ×10^-3

(E_g) Band gap

(eV)

(d) Thickness

(nm)

(RMS) roughness

(nm)

(D_p) Grain size

(nm)

(S) Specific surface area (cm²/g) ×10⁷

SnO₂

0.480

17.86

3.13

3.88

893

30.80

93

9.41

3% Cu-SnO₂

0.494

17.36

3.31

3. 95

744

19.60

72

12.16

6% Cu-SnO₂

0.579

14.79

4.57

4.00

131

08.97

46

19.04