Risk factor | Older women | Older men | t-test | P | Cohen d |
Advanced age | 2.00 (1.02) | 1.81 (1.11) | 0.67 | 0.505 | 0.18 |
Gender | 1.62 (1.14) | 1.58 (1.03) | 0.10 | 0.882 | 0.04 |
Length of time in Canada | 1.62 (1.31) | 1.26 (1.06) | 1.11 | 0.271 | 0.31 |
Sponsorship status | 2.54 (1.14) | 1.90 (0.98) | 2.18 | 0.034 | 0.61 |
English language proficiency | 2.88 (1.23) | 2.19 (1.30) | 1.98 | 0.052 | 0.54 |
Income | 2.58 (1.10) | 2.03 (1.28) | 1.71 | 0.092 | 0.46 |
Employment | 1.87 (1.08) | 1.90 (1.08) | −0.09 | 0.924 | −0.03 |
Physical dependence on others | 2.00 (1.02) | 2.19 (1.22) | −0.63 | 0.525 | −0.17 |
Emotional dependence on others | 2.33 (1.01) | 2.06 (1.09) | 0.94 | 0.349 | 0.26 |
Financial dependence | 2.42 (1.02) | 2.23 (1.23) | 0.62 | 0.532 | 0.08 |
Multigenerational co-residence | 2.00 (0.98) | 1.97 (1.14) | 0.11 | 0.911 | 0.03 |
Social isolation | 2.54 (1.22) | 2.61 (1.17) | −0.21 | 0.828 | −0.06 |
Racialized, cultural, or ethnic group status | 2.04 (1.20) | 2.35 (1.02) | −1.02 | 0.310 | −0.28 |