Risk factor

Older women

Older men

t-test

P

Cohen d

Advanced age

2.00 (1.02)

1.81 (1.11)

0.67

0.505

0.18

Gender

1.62 (1.14)

1.58 (1.03)

0.10

0.882

0.04

Length of time in Canada

1.62 (1.31)

1.26 (1.06)

1.11

0.271

0.31

Sponsorship status

2.54 (1.14)

1.90 (0.98)

2.18

0.034

0.61

English language proficiency

2.88 (1.23)

2.19 (1.30)

1.98

0.052

0.54

Income

2.58 (1.10)

2.03 (1.28)

1.71

0.092

0.46

Employment

1.87 (1.08)

1.90 (1.08)

−0.09

0.924

−0.03

Physical dependence on others

2.00 (1.02)

2.19 (1.22)

−0.63

0.525

−0.17

Emotional dependence on others

2.33 (1.01)

2.06 (1.09)

0.94

0.349

0.26

Financial dependence

2.42 (1.02)

2.23 (1.23)

0.62

0.532

0.08

Multigenerational co-residence

2.00 (0.98)

1.97 (1.14)

0.11

0.911

0.03

Social isolation

2.54 (1.22)

2.61 (1.17)

−0.21

0.828

−0.06

Racialized, cultural, or ethnic group status

2.04 (1.20)

2.35 (1.02)

−1.02

0.310

−0.28