Risk factor | Older women | Older men | t-test | P | Cohen d |
Advanced age | 1.83 (0.82) | 1.35 (0.88) | 2.08 | 0.042 | 0.56 |
Gender | 1.46 (1.02) | 1.52 (0.96) | −0.21 | 0.832 | 0.06 |
Length of time in Canada | 1.42 (1.14) | 1.19 (0.98) | 0.76 | 0.448 | 0.22 |
Sponsorship status | 2.17 (1.20) | 1.52 (0.96) | 2.16 | 0.036 | 0.61 |
English language proficiency | 2.63 (1.17) | 2.39 (1.41) | 0.684 | 0.497 | 0.18 |
Income | 2.42 (1.25) | 2.06 (1.44) | 0.97 | 0.336 | 0.26 |
Employment | 1.88 (1.23) | 1.87 (1.12) | 0.01 | 0.990 | 0.01 |
Physical dependence on others | 1.71 (0.96) | 1.97 (1.25) | −0.87 | 0.387 | 0.23 |
Emotional dependence on others | 2.17 (1.05) | 1.87 (0.96) | 1.07 | 0.287 | 0.30 |
Financial dependence | 2.42 (1.14) | 2.26 (1.21) | 0.498 | 0.620 | 0.14 |
Multigenerational co-residence | 1.92 (0.78) | 1.65 (1.02) | 1.12 | 0.267 | 0.29 |
Social isolation | 2.63 (1.14) | 2.87 (1.18) | −0.78 | 0.436 | −0.21 |
Racialized, cultural, or ethnic group status | 2.04 (1.16) | 2.16 (1.00) | −0.40 | 0.690 | 0.11 |