| Authors | Background | Statistical test |
| Gueye 2016 Sénégal n = 62 [13] | 12 (19.4%) | 0.0824 |
| Guendouz 2004 France n = 612 [14] | 70 (11.4) | 0.589 |
| Bouzid Tunisie 2013 n = 124 [11] | 19 (15.3) | 0.264 |
| Our study Mali2021 n = 87 | 9 (10.3%) |
|