54 | Hutchful, E. (2002). “Ghana’s Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform”, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, Switzerland. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Ditto |
55 | ISSER, (1995). State of the Ghanaian Economy in 1994. Published by Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | The cumulative effect of over two decades of fiscal indiscipline and rent seeking in the public sector has stagnated economic growth. |
56 | Jacobsen, E., & Sadrieh, A. (1996). Experimental proof for the motivational importance of reciprocity (No. 386). University of Bonn, Germany. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Society’s “accommodation” or “tolerance” for corruption is the motivation behind its sustenance. |
57 | John Mukum Mbaku (2010). Corruption in Africa: Causes, consequences and cleanups. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Corruption is interpreted by citizens in SSA as theft of public resources by civil servants. |
58 | Kakwani, N. (1980). On a class of poverty measures. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 437-446. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Categories of middle class status indicate progressive economic growth and reduction in the income inequality gap in SSA. |
59 | Kharas, H., & Gertz, G. (2010). The new global middle class: a cross-over from West to East. Wolfensohn Center for Development at Brookings, 1-14. 78. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Growth in the middle class translates into increased expenditure, incomes, and economic advancement. |
60 | Killick, T. (2000). “Fragile Still?, the Economy of Ghana, 1960-94” in Economic Reforms in Ghana, Miracle or Mirage. (eds). Aryeetey, E., J. Harrigan and M. Nissanke, Oxford, James Currey and Accra, Woeli Publishers. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Rent seeking in the public sector in Ghana contributes to economic malaise. |
61 | Killick, T. (2010). Development economics in action: a study of economic policies in Ghana (2. ed). London: Routledge. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Perverse economic policies, political instability and fiscal indiscipline in the public sector deepened Ghana’s economic woes. |
62 | Klitgaard, R. (1998). International Cooperation Against Corruption. Finance & Development, 35(1). Retrieved from http://209.133.61.144/external/Pubs/FT/fandd/1998/03/pdf/klitgaar.pdf | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Public, civil and private officials who are on top are unwilling to sacrifice their rents amidst low wages. |
63 | Le, V., de Haan, J. and Dietzenbacher, E. 2013. “Do higher government wages reduce corruption? Evidence based on a novel dataset”. CESIFO Working Paper No. 4254. http://www.cesifogroup.de/portal/page/portal/DocBase_Content/WP/WPCESifo_Working_Papers/wp-cesifo-2013/wp-cesifo-2013-05/cesifo1_wp4254.pdf | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | The impact of government wages on corruption is strong at relatively low-income levels. |
64 | Lindner, S. (2013). Salary top-ups and their impact on corruption. Bergen, Norway: U4 Anti-corruption Resource Centre. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Increasing salaries in the public sector i.e. police is not sufficient for reducing corruption. |