54

Hutchful, E. (2002). “Ghana’s Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform”, United Nations Research Institute for Social

Development, Geneva, Switzerland.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

Ditto

55

ISSER, (1995). State of the Ghanaian

Economy in 1994. Published by Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

The cumulative effect of over two decades of fiscal

indiscipline and rent seeking in the public sector has

stagnated economic growth.

56

Jacobsen, E., & Sadrieh, A. (1996).

Experimental proof for the motivational

importance of reciprocity (No. 386).

University of Bonn, Germany.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

Society’s “accommodation” or “tolerance” for corruption is the motivation behind its sustenance.

57

John Mukum Mbaku (2010). Corruption in Africa: Causes, consequences and cleanups.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

Corruption is interpreted by

citizens in SSA as theft of

public resources by civil servants.

58

Kakwani, N. (1980). On a class of poverty measures. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 437-446.

0

0

0

0

0

Categories of middle class status indicate progressive

economic growth and reduction in the income inequality gap in SSA.

59

Kharas, H., & Gertz, G. (2010). The new global middle class: a cross-over from West to East. Wolfensohn Center for

Development at Brookings, 1-14.

78.

0

0

0

0

0

Growth in the middle class

translates into increased

expenditure, incomes, and

economic advancement.

60

Killick, T. (2000). “Fragile Still?, the

Economy of Ghana, 1960-94” in Economic Reforms in Ghana, Miracle or Mirage. (eds). Aryeetey, E., J. Harrigan and M. Nissanke, Oxford, James Currey and Accra, Woeli Publishers.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

Rent seeking in the public sector in Ghana contributes

to economic malaise.

61

Killick, T. (2010). Development economics in action: a study of economic policies in Ghana (2. ed). London: Routledge.

0

0

0

0

0

Perverse economic policies,

political instability and fiscal indiscipline in the public sector deepened Ghana’s economic woes.

62

Klitgaard, R. (1998). International

Cooperation Against Corruption. Finance & Development, 35(1). Retrieved from http://209.133.61.144/external/Pubs/FT/fandd/1998/03/pdf/klitgaar.pdf

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

Public, civil and private officials who are on top are unwilling to sacrifice their rents amidst low wages.

63

Le, V., de Haan, J. and Dietzenbacher, E. 2013. “Do higher government wages

reduce corruption? Evidence based on a novel dataset”. CESIFO Working Paper No. 4254. http://www.cesifogroup.de/portal/page/portal/DocBase_Content/WP/WPCESifo_Working_Papers/wp-cesifo-2013/wp-cesifo-2013-05/cesifo1_wp4254.pdf

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

The impact of government wages on corruption is strong at

relatively low-income levels.

64

Lindner, S. (2013). Salary top-ups and their impact on corruption. Bergen, Norway: U4 Anti-corruption Resource Centre.

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

2

Increasing salaries in the public sector i.e. police is not sufficient for reducing corruption.