| Table Head | Torrefaction temperature (˚C) | ||||||
| Untreated | 220 | 240 | 260 | 280 | 300 | 320 | |
| Calorific value (HHV, MJ/kg) | 16.8 | 18.9 | 19.5 | 19.7 | 22.4 | 25.0 | 25.3 |
| Upgrading ratio of HHVa |
| 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.33 | 1.49 | 1.51 |
| Volume density (kg/L) | 1.29 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.72 |
| Moisture (wt%-wet) | 12.4 | 1.10 | 2.30 | 1.60 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| Mass yield (%) |
| 95.8 | 88.3 | 78.6 | 62.7 | 47.8 | 47.8 |
| Energy yield (%)b |
|
|
| 92.2 | 83.6 | 71.1 | 72.0 |