| Table Head | Torrefaction temperature (˚C) | |||||
| Untreated | 170 | 200 | 220 | 240 | 260 | |
| Calorific value (HHV, MJ/kg) | 18.0 | 20.9 | 21.0 | 21.2 | 23.0 | 22.9 |
| Upgrading ratio of HHVa |
| 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.28 | 1.28 |
| Volume density (kg/L) | 1.18 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.90 |
| Moisture (wt%-wet) | 13.7 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 5.00 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
| Mass yield (%) |
| 99.0 | 97.8 | 81.5 | 76.1 | 63.8 |
| Energy yield (%)b |
|
|
| 96.0 | 97.2 | 81.2 |