| 8. | Smith et al. [49] Year: 2003 Countries: Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, PNG, etc. Type of Study: Descriptive study | Participants: Adults Number: 150 Female: Not stated Male: Not Stated Age: Not Stated | Data Collection Tools: Questionnaires Sampling Method: Snowball Place: school based | Barriers 1. Perceptions 2. Lack of knowledge |
| 9. | Reidpath and Chan, [50] Year: 2005 Country: China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Type of Study: Descriptive | Participants: 6 countries Number: Not Stated Female: Not Stated Male: Not Stated Age: Not Stated | Data Collection Tools: Interview, Focus group Sampling Method: Convenience sampling Place: Community Based | Barriers 1. Culture |
| 10. | Fujita et al. [51] Year: 2015 Country: Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, PNG, Thailand, Vietnam Type of Study: Descriptive | Participants: Sex workers, Drugs users Age: 15 - 19 yrs. Female: Not Stated Male: Not Stated | Data Collection Tools: Observation Sampling Method: Purposive Place: Community Based | Barriers 1. Unavailability of services |
| 11. | Hahm et al. [52] Year: 2009 Country: USA Type of study: Cohort | Participants: Young adults Number: 7576 Female: 7576 Age: 18 - 27 yrs. | Data Collection: Questionnaire Sampling Method: Cluster Sampling Place: School based | Barriers 1. Ethnicity 2. Unavailabe services |
| 12. | Wong et al. [53] Year: 2004 Country: USA Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: HIV Patients Numbers: 114 Age: 18+ yrs. Mean age: 38.7 yrs, SD: 9.3 | Data Collection Tools: Questionnaires Sampling Method: Purposive Place: Health care based | Barriers 1. Lack of awareness 2. Unavailability of services |
| 13. | Wong et al. [54] Year: 2012 Country: USA Type of study: Cross sectional Study | Participants: API men sex men Male: 445 Age: ≥18 yrs, Mean age: 30.7 SD: 10.3 | Data Collection Tools: Screening Test, Questionnaires Sampling Method: Purposive Place: Community Based | Barriers 1. Language 2. Perceptions 3. Fear of disclosure |
| 14. | Rupali et al. [11] Year: 2007 Country: 22 Pacific Island Countries (PNG, Palau, Fiji, Niue etc) Type of Study: Descriptive | Participants: Health Care Providers Number: Not Stated Female: Not Stated Male: Not Stated Age: Not Stated | Data Collection Tool: Questionnaires Sampling Method: Purposive Place: Community based | Barriers 1. Limited resources 2. Cost of Medications |
| 15. | MacLaren et al. [55] Year: 2013 Country: PNG Type of Study: Descriptive | Participants: Staff & Students Number: 284 Male: 137 Female: 46 Age: 18+ yrs | Data Collection Tools: Focus groups Questionnaires, Observation Sampling Method: Purposive Sampling Place: School based | Barriers 1. Time 2. Cultural |
| 16. | Huang et al. [56] Year: 2008 Country: USA Type of Study: Descriptive study | Participants: Non MSM adults Number: 604 Age: 18 - 45 yrs. | Data Collection Tool: Questionnaire Sampling Method: Snowball Place: Community based | Barriers 1. Lack of knowledge 2. Unavailability of health personnel |
| 17. | Meldrum et al., [57] Year: 2016 Country: Australia Type of Study: descriptive | Participants: Young Muslim Women Number: 11 Female: 11 Age: 18 - 25 yrs. | Data Collection Tools: Interview Sampling Method: Purposive sampling Place: Community based | Barriers 1. Culture 2. Religion |